发布时间 : 星期六 文章2018年上海宝山区高考英语一模试卷和参考答案及听力原文更新完毕开始阅读1542ed47670e52ea551810a6f524ccbff121ca0a
If you’ve never suffered from headaches bu t suddenly your head is constantly striking, you might be too stressed. Stress releases chemicals that can cause changes to nerves and blood vessels(血管) in the brain, which brings on a headache. Stress can cause them or make them worse. It’s also common fo r your muscles to tense up when you’re stressed, which can also cause a headache.
WHAT TO DO:
If you don’t want to take medicine, try spreading lavender (薰衣草) oil on your temples(太阳穴)when a headache starts. Or try one of these home remedies for headaches.
Stress can make you mentally sick, too. Too much of the stress hormone cortisol (皮质醇)can make it harder to concentrate, causing memory problems as well as anxiety or depression, says Dr. Levine. WHAT TO DO:
Relax until you regain your concentration. Practice closing your eyes and breathing in and out slowly, concentrating only on your breath.
Losing a few strands of hair is normal (old hair follicles (囊)are replaced by new ones over time), but stress can disturb that cycle. Significant stress p ushes a large number of hair follicles into what’s called a resting stage and then a few months later those hairs fall out, according to MayoClinic.org. Stress can also cause the body’s resistant system to attack your hair follicles, resulting in hair loss. WHAT TO DO:
Be patient. Once your stress level returns to normal, your hair should start growing back. 60. If you’re stressed, you might have one of the following symptoms EXCEPT that . A. you keep getting headaches B. you always have a cold C. your hair is falling out D. your brain feels confused 61. Which of the following is suggested if your brain goes out of focus? A.Breathing slowly with your eyes closed. B.Waiting until your brain returns to normal. C.Spreading lavender oil on your temples. D.Relaxing and attacking your brain softly. 62. What will happen once we get over our stress according to the passage? A.Our hair starts falling out and then grows back.
B. Our body’s resistant system attacks your hair follicles C. Our hair starts growing again. D.A serious headache starts. (C)
For many in the general public and the engineering community alike, the potential implications of additive manufacturing (AM) have excited the imagination. Popularly known as 3-D printing, the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmental advance.
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Yet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively, a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.
A new special issue of Yale’s Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting-edge research on this emerging field, providing important insights into its environmental, energy, and health impacts.
Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects, additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies. What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than, as in traditional manufacturing, removing materials –thus the label ―additive.‖―The research in this issue shows that it is too early to label 3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing,‖ said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial. ―We need to know much more about the material footprints, energy consumption in production, process emissions, a nd especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process.‖Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable to traditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production – by consumers, merchants and hobbyists – and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing. Research in this issue, however, indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used.
―This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies,‖ said Indy Burke, Dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. ―If we are to realize the environmental potential of 3-D printing, we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie.‖
The special issue contains: life cycle assessments (LCA) of AM processes and products
investigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologies studies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materials
examination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technology
analysis of supply-chain issues arising from the use of the technology 63.The word ―additive‖ in the passage refers to .
A. the substance added in small amounts for a special purpose
B. the additional technological capabilities of manufacturing processes C. the digital way to produce products by adding serial layers of materials D. the traditional way to produce products by removing materials
64. The contents listed in the special issue mentioned at the end of this passage focus on .
A.the studies of additive manufacturing and sustainability B.a diverse set of technologies of additive manufacturing
C. the comparison between additive and traditional manufacturing D. the experiments conducted by Journal of Industrial Ecology
65. Which of the following can be inferred about the researchers’ viewpoint from the p assage? A.3-D printing is viewed as a revolution in production.
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B.3-D printing is regarded as a kind of sustainable manufacturing. C.AM makes a harmful impact on environment, energy, and health. D.The challenges and advantages of AM need further studies. 66. The passage mainly discusses . A.investigations of the 3-D printing process
B.the environmental implications of 3-D printing C. studies of 3-D printing emissions and materials D.assessments of additive manufacturing processes Section C
A. The findings show that they also apply criticism to nontraditional women’s husbands. B. He is also regarded as having less power in the relationship.
C. These include having a higher status, yielding more power, being more self-focused, ambitious and self-
confident.
D. The married surname tradition is more than just a tradition.
E. Up to now, researchers have not yet examined how a woman’s married surname choice influences how
others look at her husband.
F. Women’s rightist scholars understand why the surname tradition remains widely supported. What does it mean for the husband when his wife keeps her own surname?
The tradition of women adopting their husbands’ surname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force.
According to previous studies, women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others. They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men. 67 These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typically assigned to women, such as being more caring, kind and having less influence and power.
68 For this purpose, Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK. The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are often described through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men. They are described in more expressive than instrumental terms, and are seen to hold less power in a marriage. Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surname choices to make more general inferences about a couple’s g ender-typed personality characteristics.
Results from the third study conducted by Robnett’s team suggest that people hold different opinions in how they think about such cases. People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person. ―We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism(蔑视女 性 )respond negatively to women who violate traditional gender roles,‖ says Robnett. ― 69 ‖―This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in men and women’s romantic relationships and power structures favoring men,‖ says Robnett. ― 70 It reflects slight gender-role standards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despit e privileging men.‖
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IV. Summary Writing
Secure payment without leaving a trace
Computer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the ―Signaling Code and Security‖ working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.
The expert has now presented the basics of an ―electronic purse‖ that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The ―black-box addition plus‖ (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account.
―Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers during offline operation as well,‖ Andy Rupp says. ―This is needed for ensuring the payment system’s suitability for daily use. Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge. There you may have no internet connection at all or it is very slow.‖ Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use: During first test runs, researchers completed payments within about one second.
V. Translation
72. 他仍难以用英语表达自己的想法。 (express)
73. 有些人天生就具有体育或音乐天赋。 (born)
74. 可以预见的是人工智能的发展必将跨入新纪元,彻底改变人类的生活方式。 (It)
75. 就减肥而言,一种饮食确实不适合所有人,对一些人有效的也许对另一些人并非灵丹 妙
药。 (what)
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