发布时间 : 星期一 文章交通运输交通事故分析中英文对照外文翻译文献更新完毕开始阅读19e3fcd9453610661fd9f4bc
间接观察和缺乏系统的控制组合使调查人员很难发现在什么情况下造成事故的因素。虽然研究人员主要是在事故处理领导有兴趣，他几乎完全信息的后果，它的产品，意外。此外，事故背景是复杂的。一般来说，可分为以下几个方面：
-考虑到交通系统，交通量和组成国家，道路使用者，他们的速度，天气条件下，路面情况，车辆，道路使用者和他们的相互作用的演习，意外可以或无法预防。
-由于发生事故，也对这样的速度和车辆质量的因素，大量的不同，碰撞角度，对道路使用者和他们的脆弱性，影响等位置的保护，伤害是严重或或多或少物质损失是多还是少可观。虽然这些方面不能独立研究从理论的角度看，它也从由此产生的结果的优势，区分交通情况有潜在危险的数字，是由有一个意外的可能性，在这种潜在的危险局势，给定一个特定事故。
这个概念框架是对风险的关于个别道路使用者，以及上级的决定控制器的决定制定的一般基础。在风险的数学公式，我们需要一个明确的概率空间的介绍，基本事件（的情况），可能导致事故组成，每个类型的事件的概率，最终收在一次事故中，最后的具体成果，损失，鉴于事故的类型。
另一种方法是看事故特征组合，然后找出关键因素。这种类型的事故分析是通过分析事故的共组或子群来开展。事故本身是一个研究的单位，但也要研究道路因素：道路位置，道路设计（如一个弯道）等。
POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF ACCIDENT
ANALYSIS
Keyword：Consequences; purposes; describe; Limitations; concerned; Accident Analysis; possibilities
Abstraet：Accident statistics, especially collected at a national level are particularly
useful for the description, monitoring and prognosis of accident developments, the detection of positive and negative safety developments, the definition of safety targets and the (product) evaluation of long term and large scale safety measures. The application of accident analysis is strongly limited for problem analysis, prospective and retrospective safety analysis on newly developed traffic systems or safety measures, as well as for (process) evaluation of special short term and small scale
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safety measures. There is an urgent need for the analysis of accidents in real time, in combination with background behavioural research. Automatic incident detection, combined with video recording of accidents may soon result in financially acceptable research. This type of research may eventually lead to a better understanding of the concept of risk in traffic and to well-established theories.
1. Introduction.
This paper is primarily based on personal experience concerning traffic safety, safety research and the role of accidents analysis in this research. These experiences resulted in rather philosophical opinions as well as more practical viewpoints on research methodology and statistical analysis. A number of these findings are published already elsewhere.
From this lack of direct observation of accidents, a number of methodological problems arise, leading to continuous discussions about the interpretation of findings that cannot be tested directly. For a fruitful discussion of these methodological problems it is very informative to look at a real accident on video. It then turns out that most of the relevant information used to explain the accident will be missing in the accident record. In-depth studies also cannot recollect all the data that is necessary in order to test hypotheses about the occurrence of the accident.For a particular car-car accident, that was recorded on video at an urban intersection in the Netherlands, between a car coming from a minor road, colliding with a car on the major road, the following questions could be asked:Why did the driver of the car coming from the minor road, suddenly accelerate after coming almost to a stop and hit the side of the car from the left at the main road? Why was the approaching car not noticed? Was it because the driver was preoccupied with the two cars coming from the right and the gap before them that offered him the possibility to cross? Did he look left before, but was his view possibly blocked by the green van parked at the corner? Certainly the traffic situation was not complicated. At the moment of the accident there were no bicyclists or pedestrians present to distract his attention at the regularly overcrowded intersection. The parked green van disappeared within five minutes, the
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two other cars that may have been important left without a trace. It is hardly possible to observe traffic behaviour under the most relevant condition of an accident occurring, because accidents are very rare events, given the large number of trips. Given the new video equipment and the recent developments in automatic incident and accident detection, it becomes more and more realistic to collect such data at not too high costs. Additional to this type of data that is most essential for a good understanding of the risk increasing factors in traffic, it also important to look at normal traffic behaviour as a reference base. The question about the possibilities and limitations of accident analysis is not lightly answered. We cannot speak unambiguously about accident analysis. Accident analysis covers a whole range of activities, each originating from a different background and based on different sources of information: national data banks, additional information from other sources, specially collected accident data, behavioural background data etc. To answer the question about the possibilities and limitations, we first have to look at the cycle of activities in the area of traffic safety. Some of these activities are mainly concerned with the safety management of the traffic system, some others are primarily research activities.
The following steps should be distinguished: - detection of new or remaining safety problems; - description of the problem and its main characteristics;
- the analysis of the problem, its causes and suggestions for improvement; - selection and implementation of safety measures; - evaluation of measures taken.
Although this cycle can be carried out by the same person or group of persons, the problem has a different (political/managerial or scientific) background at each stage. We will describe the phases in which accident analysis is used. It is important to make this distinction. Many fruitless discussions about the method of analysis result from ignoring this distinction. Politicians, or road managers are not primarily interested in individual accidents. From their perspective accidents are often treated equally, because the total outcome is much more important than the whole chain of
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events leading to each individual accident. Therefore, each accident counts as one and they add up all together to a final safety result.
Researchers are much more interested in the chain of events leading to an individual accident. They want to get detailed information about each accident, to detect its causes and the relevant conditions. The politician wants only those details that direct his actions. At the highest level this is the decrease in the total number of accidents. The main source of information is the national database and its statistical treatment. For him, accident analysis is looking at (subgroups of) accident numbers and their statistical fluctuations. This is the main stream of accident analysis as applied in the area of traffic safety. Therefore, we will first describe these aspects of accidents.
2. The nature of accidents and their statistical characteristics.
The basic notion is that accidents, whatever there cause, appear according to a chance process. Two simple assumptions are usually made to describe this process for (traffic) accidents:
- the probability of an accident to occur is independent from the occurrence of previous accidents;
-the occurrence of accidents is homogeneous in time.
If these two assumptions hold, then accidents are Poisson distributed. The first assumption does not meet much criticism. Accidents are rare events and therefore not easily influenced by previous accidents. In some cases where there is a direct causal chain (e.g. , when a number of cars run into each other) the series of accidents may be regarded as one complicated accident with many cars involved.The assumption does not apply to casualties. Casualties are often related to the same accident and therefore the independency assumption does not hold. The second assumption seems less obvious at first sight. The occurrence of accidents through time or on different locations are not equally likely. However, the assumption need not hold over long
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