发布时间 : 星期三 文章大英四Unit 1 Language points更新完毕开始阅读38c5863fce2f0066f43322ab
17. (L 71) catch sb. off guard: take sb. by surprise
*The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.
(=The manager didn’t know what to say. It was clear that my question had caught him off guard.)
18. (L 71) instruct: vt.
1) give orders or directions to (sb.)
*The family has instructed solicitors to sue Thomson for compensation.
*The professor instructed us that we had one month to conduct the project. 我奉命在这里等老师来。
(= I’ve been instructed to wait here until the teacher arrives.) Pattern:
instruct sb. to do sth.; instruct sb. that;
instruct sb. with quote
2) teach (sb.)
*He instructed family members in nursing techniques. 他们教给了我做这项工作的最好办法。
(= They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job.) Pattern: instruct sb. in/on sth CF: instruct, direct & order
这几个词都是动词，都有“吩咐，命令”之意。
instruct指向人下命令或指示，指导等，还可指交待。例如：
* He was instructed to represent the Government. 他奉命代表政府。 * He hasn’t instructed us where to go. 他还没指示我们去哪里。
direct 一般指上级对下级进行的指示、命令等，须采取的行动有准确说明。例如：
* The owners directed that the factory be closed. 厂主下令关厂。 * The officer directed them to advance. 军官命令他们前进。 order 是普通用语，往往带有强制性，语气较强。 例如：
* He ordered the enemy to lay down their arms. 他命令敌人放下武器。 * The policeman ordered the motorist to stop. 警察命令摩托车手停车。
19. (L 73) render: vt. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a specified condition (same as make)
*The drug will render the tiger harmless for up to two hours.
*He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the back of the neck. 地震导致成百上千的人无家可归。
(=Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake.) Collocation:
render into 译成(某种语言) render up 做(祷告); 放弃, 交出 render blow for blow 以牙还牙 render good for evil 以德报怨
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20. (L 75) casualty: n. a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident
*First reports of the traffic accident tell of more than 50 casualties.
(=The precise number of casualties in yesterday’s bomb explosion is not known.)
21. (L 91) bring to a halt: stop completely
*Air traffic in Poland had been brought to a halt by an air traffic controllers’ strike. 我们的旅行因风暴而终止。
（=Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm.） 22. (L 91) offensive:
1. n. aggressive action, attack
*The Red Army brought its winter offensive to a successful conclusion. 红军发动全面的军事攻击。
（=The Red Army led a massive military offensive.） Collocation:
launch/mount an offensive 发动进攻 carry out/undertake an offensive 进攻 on the offensive 处于攻势
assume/go on/go over/take the offensive 进攻，采取攻势
* If all else fails, I’ll go over to the offensive.
如果其他方法都失败，那我将采取攻势。
2. adj. of or about attack; causing offense; unpleasant 这支进攻的军队很快地赢得了阵地。
（＝The offensive troops gained ground quickly.）
* My neighbor is really an offensive person. He always plays the piano deep into the night.
23. (L 103) thanks to: because of
*Thanks to her financial support, the two children in the remote village could go to school.
*Thanks to their tireless efforts, the performance was a great success.
24. (L 114)reckon: v. count; consider; think
The existence of the U.S. is reckoned from the Declaration of Independence. 许多人认为他是一位伟大的篮球运动员。
（=Many people reckon him to be a great basketball player.）
NB: 常用的搭配：be reckoned with: be taken into consideration
All these problems had to be reckoned with as they arose. CF: reckon, regard, consider & count
这几个词都是动词，都有“认为”之意。
reckon 用来指对事件全面权衡，在有些非正式的行文中，也用来表示建议或想法。后面接
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宾语从句或复合宾语（和as连用，但在被动语态中也常不带as）。例如： * I reckon it’s time to go. 我认为该走了。
* They reckon the book as one of his best works. 他们认为这本书是他最
优秀的作品之一。
regard 源自法语，意为看、观察，因此，该词更多地通过对事物外表的评价或视觉感观反
映出这一本义。 注意其后一定要用as。例如：
* He is generally regarded as an authority on ancient bronzes. 一般把他看作是古铜器研究的权威。
consider 表示经过深思熟虑或亲身经历之后而相信或确认。其宾语后面的补足语可以是名
词或形容词。例如：
* I consider him a good musician. 我认为他是一个优秀的音乐家。
* They always considered themselves very important. 他们总以为自己很了不起。 count 表示看法多侧重于一种判断。注意其宾语后面不用as。例如：
* After such a bad accident you should count yourself lucky you’re alive. 遭此严重的意外你还能活下来，该感到很幸运了。
25. (L 116) toll: 1. n.
1) the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances * The death toll rose from 270 in 1952 to 5,000 in1954. 2) money paid for the use of a bridge, road, etc. * Each car must pay a toll to cross the bridge. Collocation:
charge/exact/impose a toll 征收（道路、桥梁等的）通行费 levy toll on sb. 向某人收费（或征税） war toll 战争伤亡人数 take a heavy toll 造成重大伤亡（或损失） * The earthquake took a heavy toll on several villages. 这次地震给几个村庄造成重大损失。 take a/its toll 造成损失（或危害、伤亡等） * The flood took a toll of 3,000,000 lives. 洪水造成三百万人死亡。
2. v. sound (a large bell) slowly at regular intervals
Bells were tolled all over the country at the President’s death.
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Text B Language points
ambitious: adj. full of ambition * A slave has but one master; an ambitious man has as many masters as there are people who may be useful in bettering his position.
这看起来像一个非常雄心勃勃的计划！我祝你们两个好运！
(=That looks like a very ambitious plan! I wish both of you good luck!)
obstacle: n. a thing that blocks one's way
* The biggest obstacle in our way was a tree trunk in the road.
这一决定排除了人质获释的最后障碍。
(=This decision has removed the last obstacle to the hostages' release.)
in case: so as to be safe if (sth.) happens
* I brought my key just in case you forgot yours.
我带了一些三明治以防我们饿了。
(= I’ve brought some sandwiches in case we get hungry.)
The fifth was chosen for D-Day to allow a safety margin in case the attack needed to be
postponed.
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(=6月5日被选定为进攻开始日，其用意是留下一个安全系数，以防万一进攻需要推迟。)
hold out: offer
* Few people held out any hope of finding the lost jewelry.
我们的食品供应将只能再撑两个星期。
(=Our food supplies will only hold out for another two weeks.)
But an unusually stormy transition from spring toward summer that year held out little hope that there would be a suitable break in the weather. Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(=然而，当年春夏之交大风暴异乎寻常地多，希望在这个时候天气会出现一个适合进攻的风平浪静的间隙，可能性微乎其微。)
due to: because of
* Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late.
她的众多不幸是由无聊造成的。
（= A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom. ）
cancel: vt. decide not to go ahead with (sth. previously arranged)
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