发布时间 : 星期三 文章新标准大英语4(unit1-6)课后答案及课文翻译更新完毕开始阅读3f6ce5004028915f814dc21c
4 Check (?) the true statements.
1 Historians only need to record facts accurately.
2 Historians need to know how to determine the origins of historical facts. √ 3 Historians select the facts they need to support their interpretation.
√ 4 Historians decided that Caesar’s crossing of the Rubicon was a significant historical event. √ 5 People continue to believe in the existence of facts without a historian’s interpretation, even though
such a belief is ridiculous.
6 The event at Stalybridge Wakes in 1850 is a well-established historical fact. Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 a written or spoken comment about something that you have seen, heard or felt (observation) 2 wood used for building houses or making furniture (timber) 3 secondary, not principal or main (auxiliary)
4 a small piece of a larger object that has broken, often into a lot of pieces (fragment) 5 very detailed and complicated (elaborate)
6 the process of choosing one person or thing from a group (selection) 7 not important and not worth worrying about (petty) 8 a serious disagreement (dispute)
9 to make a formal suggestion (propose)
6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 5. 1 His proposal proved popular and the meeting accepted it unanimously.
2 It‘s the elaboration / elaborateness of the decoration that makes the building special. 3 The evidence was very fragmentary and it was difficult to get a complete picture. 4 The historian selects the important facts and arranges them to fit his theory.
5 Restoration is an auxiliary science which helps art historians find out the age of a painting and the artist.
6 The pettiness of his arguments meant that they weren‘t important or worth taking seriously. 7 These ancient timbered buildings were constructed of wood from the nearby forest. 8 They disputed the truth of the theories for a long time.
9 They observed that there was more than one interpretation of the facts. 7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 Does decipher mean to (a) read a text easily, or (b) work out the meaning of a secret or obscure text? 2 Is an inscription (a) something written or carved on something to record an important event, or (b) something recorded or spoken?
3 Is a motto (a) a short statement of what someone believes, or (b) an extended argument? 4 Is orientation likely to mean (a) a way of doing something, or (b) an attitude or belief? 5 Is a fallacy likely to be (a) a mistaken belief, or (b) something that’s obviously true? 6 If you eradicate something, do you (a) establish it, or (b) remove it completely?
7 Is a seconder someone who (a) comes second in a race, or (b) supports a proposition at a meeting? 8 If someone or something relapses, does it (a) return to its previous state, or (b) disappear?
9 If someone does something gallantly, do they do it (a) daringly and successfully, or (b) bravely, but unsuccessfully?
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Language in use thanks to ?
1 Rewrite the sentences using thanks to ?
1 Because of Churchill’s leadership and example, we showed courage and determination. Thanks to Churchill’s leadership and example, we showed courage and determination.
2 Because of their loyalty to king and country, young Winston was brought up to serve the UK. Thanks to their loyalty to king and country, young Winston was brought up to serve the UK. 3 At school he was bullied because of his lisp, stammer and ill-health. At school he was bullied thanks to his lisp, stammer and ill-health.
4 Because of his dispatches from the Boer War, he returned to England as a hero. Thanks to his dispatches from the Boer War, he returned to England as a hero.
5 Because of school holidays playing in Blenheim Palace, he had always wanted to be a general. Thanks to school holidays playing in Blenheim Palace, he had always wanted to be a general. 6 He lost his job as First Lord of the Admiralty because of the disaster at Gallipoli. He lost his job as First Lord of the Admiralty thanks to the disaster at Gallipoli. 7 Because of his wife Clementine, he managed to control his depression. Thanks to his wife Clementine, he managed to control his depression.
8 Because of his prediction about Germany, King George VI invited him to form a government. Thanks to his prediction about Germany, King George VI invited him to form a government. unpacking complex sentences
2 Look at the sentences from the passage The historian and his facts and answer the questions. 1 To praise a historian for his accuracy is like praising an architect for using well-seasoned timber or properly mixed concrete in his building. (a) What is the main verb? The main verb is is.
(b) What is like praising an architect? To praise a historian.
(c) What kind of historian and architect are compared? Good, efficient historians and architects are compared.
2 It is precisely for matters of this kind that the historian is entitled to rely on what have been called the “auxiliary sciences” of history – archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, chronology, and so forth. (a) What is the main verb?
The main verb is is (the first one).
(b) What are examples of the auxiliary sciences of history? archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, chronology. (c) Why is the historian entitled to rely on them?
Because they are scientific fields with reliable results.
3 In spite of C. P. Scott’s motto, every journalist knows today that the most effective way to influence opinion is by the selection and arrangement of the appropriate facts. (a) What is the main verb? The main verb is knows.
(b) What do journalists want to know?
The most effective way to influence opinion. (c) How do they do this?
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By the selection and arrangement of the appropriate facts.
(d) Does C. P. Scott’s motto support this way of doing things?
No, C. P. Scott, a famous newspaper editor, said ―Comment is free, but facts are sacred.‖ The motto doesn’t support this way of doing things..
4 The fact that you arrived in this building half an hour ago on foot, or on a bicycle, or in a car, is just as much a fact about the past as the fact that Caesar crossed the Rubicon. (a) What is the first fact? How many alternative first facts does it have?
The first fact is about how you arrived. There are two alternatives: You arrived on a bicycle or in a car. (b) What is the main verb? The main verb is is.
(c) What is as much a fact about the past as Caesar crossing the Rubicon? How you arrived.
5 It may be that in the course of the next few years we shall see this fact appearing first in footnotes, then in the text, of articles and books about 19th-century England, and that in 20 or 30 years’ time it may be well-established historical fact. (a) What‘s the main verb? The main verb is may be.
(b) When will this fact first appear? In the course of next few years. (c) Where will it first appear?
It will first appear in footnotes of articles and books about 19-century England. (d) Where will it appear next?
The text of articles and books about 19-century England. (e) What will happen next?
It will be regarded as a well-established historical fact. (f) When will it happen? In 20 or 30 years‘ time. collocations
3 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions. 1 swap This word usually means to replace one thing with another.
(a) So what happens when a student in China swaps places with a student in the US? The Chinese student goes to America and the American student comes to China.
(b) If two families each has a house, what happens when they agree to do a house swap? Family A goes to live in Family B‘s house and vice versa.
(c) What happens if you take an item of clothing back to a shop and swap it for another size or colour? You hand back the first one and the shop gives you another one of different size / colour without any further payment.
2 loyal When you’re loyal to someone, you’re willing to work for someone or be their friend even in difficult circumstances.
(a) What kind of person is a loyal customer?
One who always uses the products or services of a particular business, eg the customer only buys drinks / coffee in Starbucks.
(b) Why do shops offer customers a loyalty card? To encourage customers to keep on coming back.
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(c) If you have mixed loyalties towards two people or organizations, do you want to be loyal to both or neither? Both.
3 dispute A dispute is a serious disagreement, especially one between groups of people that lasts for a long time.
(a) What kind of facts are beyond dispute? The facts no one argues against.
(b) If something is in dispute, do people agree or disagree about it? People disagree about it.
(c) If something is open to dispute, do people agree or disagree about it? People disagree about it – it is a matter of opinion.
4 observation This word refers to the process of watching someone or something carefully, in order to find out about it. An observation is a comment about something you have seen, heard or felt. If someone makes an interesting observation about someone or something, what do they do? They make an interesting comment about it which attracts the listener.
(b) If you enter hospital under observation, what are the doctors trying to do? The doctors are watching you to see how your problem develops. (c) What would a soldier do from an observation post? To keep watch on what is happening nearby.
5 petty This word usually means small, unimportant or minor. (a) What kind of crime is a petty crime?
Such crimes as shoplifting sweets, not paying your bus fare etc. (b) Do you think petty cash is a large or small amount of money?
Petty cash is a small amount of money, eg cash kept in an office for paying any small charges such as extra postage.
(c) Is a petty officer in the navy likely to be of high or low rank? A petty officer in the navy is likely to be of low rank.
4 Translate the paragraph into Chinese.
The historian is not required to have the special skills which enable the expert to determine the origin and period of a fragment of pottery or marble, to decipher an obscure inscription, or to make the elaborate astronomical calculations necessary to establish a precise date. These so-called basic facts which are the same for all historians commonly belong to the category of the raw materials of the historian rather than of history itself. The second observation is that the necessity to establish these basic facts rests not on any quality in the facts themselves, but on a priori decision of the historian. In spite of C. P. Scott‘s motto, every journalist knows today that the most effective way to influence opinion is by the selection and arrangement of the appropriate facts. It used to be said that facts speak for themselves. This is, of course, untrue. The facts speak only when the historian calls on them: It is he who decides to which facts to give the floor, and in what order or context. It was, I think, one of Pirandello’s characters who said that a fact is like a sack – it won‘t stand up till you‘ve put something in it. The only reason why we are interested to know that the battle was fought at Hastings in 1066 is that historians regard it as a major historical event. It is the historian who has decided for his own reasons that Caesar‘s crossing of that petty stream, the Rubicon, is a fact of history, whereas the crossing of the Rubicon by millions of other people before or since interests nobody at all. The fact
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