发布时间 : 星期一 文章初中语法一本通更新完毕开始阅读51f259c70242a8956aece41b
肯定式 I (We, You, They ) have done it. He (She) has done it. 否定式 疑问式 I (We, You, They) have not done it. Have you (they, I , we) done it? He (She) has not done it. Has he (she) done it? 2）用法 a．表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态，对现在仍有影响。 She has been ill for three days. 她病了三天了。 He has already left. 他已经走了。
b．表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 We've known each other since we were children. 我们从小就认识。 注意：
在用already, always, yet, just, ever, never等副词作状语时，或者由for, since引起的短语作状语或状语从句时，句子的谓语动词常用现在完成时。 区别：
1）have (has) been to 与have (has) gone to
have (has) been to +某地，表示到过某地，说明去过某地，说话时已经回来了。 have (has) gone to +某地，说明去某地了，说话时还没有回来。 例如： He has been to Beijing three times. 他去过北京三次。 He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。 2）have (has) been to do sth. 还可以表示做过某事。have (has) gone to do sth.则表示去做某事了。 例如： He has been to see Tom in the hospital. 他去医院看过汤姆。 He has gone to see Tom in the hospital. 他到医院看汤姆去了。
3）have got虽然在形式上是现在完成时，却和have是相同的意思。 例如： Have you got any book?=Do you have any book? 你有书吗？ 6．过去进行时 1）构成
过去进行时由be动词的过去式加动词的现在分词构成。 2）用法
过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻或过去一段时间正在进行的动作。过去进行时常与表示过去的时间状语如：then at that time, once, a moment ago等连用，或者用另一动作表示过去的时间。 例如：
I was writing a letter at home at seven yesterday evening. 我昨晚七点在家写信。
He was watching TV when I came home yesterday evening. 昨天晚上回家时，他在家看电视。 7．过去完成时 1）构成
过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成。 2）用法
过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前或过去某一动作以前已完成的动作，即过去的过去。
为了更容易理解过去完成时的时间概念，使之与过去时有明显的区别，可见下面的时间示意图。 例如：
I had learned eight hundred English words by the end of last year. （在过去某一时间之前） 到去年年底之前，我已经学会了八百个英语单词。
He had finished his work before I came here.（在过去另一动作之前） 在我来这儿以前，他已经完成了工作。 说明：
1）在包含when, as soon as, before, after, until等连词的复合句中，若主句谓语和从句谓语所表示的过去的动作是在不同时间发生的，那么，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。 例如：
I told them after you had left. 你走后我就告诉了他们。
I had been at the bus stop for twenty minutes when a bus finally came. 我在公共汽车站等了二十分钟，汽车终于来了。
2）如果主句动作和从句动作紧接着发生，特别是连词为after或before时，由于连词本身很清楚地表明了动作发生的先后，两个动作此时都可使用一般过去时来表示。 例如：
After we said good-bye to them, we left the village. 在和他们告别后，我们就离开了村庄。 8．过去将来时 1）构成
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过去将来时由助动词should或would加动词原形构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。但目前在美、英等国也有第一人称用would的情况。
2）用法
a．过去将来时是个相对的时态，主要用于从过去某一时间来看将要发生的事情。常用在宾语从句中表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之后。
They said they would go to visit the second factory. 他们说他们将要去参观第二个工厂。
The teacher told us that there would be a concert the next Tuesday. 老师告诉我们下周二将要有场音乐会。
b．过去将来时也可由“was / were going to + 动词原形”来表示。 She said she was going to see her uncle. 她说她要去看望她的叔叔。
c．有些动词的过去进行时也可表示过去将来时。这一用法与某些动词的现在进行时表示一般将来时的用法相同。
I didn't have much time to talk with you became I was leaving for Shanghai in two hours. 我没有多少时间跟你谈话了，因为再过两个小时我就要动身去上海。 注意：
“would+动词原形”有时并不表示过去将来时，而表示一种客气的请求。 例如： Would you please open the window? 请把窗子打开好吗？ 三、随堂监测A组 单项选择：
1. Look! There _________ some apples in that tree.
A. is B. was C. are D. were 2．We'll have to clean the plates before Mother _________ home.
A. will come B. is coming C. come D. comes 3．—Will your mother _________ you if you _________ the English exam? —Of course not. Because I am trying my best.
A. be angry with; don't pass B. be angry with; won't pass C. be angry to; don't pass D. be angry to; won't pass 4．I'm sorry you've missed the train, it _________ 10 minutes ago.
A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left 5. I don't think I _________ you in that dress before.
A. have seen B. was seeing C. saw D. see 6. _________ you _________ to the radio? —No, you can turn it off.
A. Did; listen B. Have; listened C. Do; listen D. Are; listening 7. —Where's Mr Lee? I have something unusual to tell him. —You _________ find him. He _________ Japan.
A. may not; has gone to B. may not; has been to C. can't; has gone to D. can't; has been to 8. —I won't come to the party unless Sue _________, too. —You mean if Sue comes you'll come?
A. will invite B. invites C. invited D. is invited 9. The world _________. Things never stay the same.
A. changes B. is changing C. was changing D. will change 10. —Excuse me, does Mr Smith's son live here?
—He _________ live here, but he has moved.
A. has to B. used to C. tried to D. happened to
11. The children planted more threes and flowers after they _________ Greener China. A. joined B. took part in C. became D. were 12. —Where's Mr Zhang? —He _________ London.
A. has been to B. has been C. has gone D. has gone to 13. —Do you know if he _________ to play basketball with us?
—I think he will come if he _________ free tomorrow.
A. comes; is B. comes; will be C. will come; is D. will come; will be 14. —May I speak to Mabel, please? —Sorry. She's _________ Pairs.
A. gone in B. been in C. gone to D. been to
15. My pen friend Phillip _________ to see me from Australia. He will be here soon. A. comes B. came C. has come D. is coming 16. I won't go to the concert because I _________ my ticket.
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A. lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming
17. —Do you know Jack well? —Certainly, we _________ friends since ten years ago. A. were B. have made C. have become D. have been 18. —Where is Jim? —He ______ to the shop. He'll back in an hour. A. goes B. go C. has gone D. will go 19. —Excuse me, look at the sign NO PHOTOS! —Sorry, I ________ it.
A. don't see B. didn't see C. haven't seen D. won't see 20. Jim's father said to him, \
A. didn't forget; told B. not to forget; have told C. won't forget; have told D. haven't forgotten; will tell
21. I like my new bike. It ________ very well.
A. rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. has ridden 22. A lot of trees ________ along the river last year.
A. planted B. are planted C. were planted
23. These books ________ out of the reading room. You have to read them here.
A. must be taken B. can't take C. can take D. mustn't be taken 24. — Whose CD player is this? —It's mine. It ________ me 800 yuan. A. took B. spent C. paid D. cost
25. —May I ________ you Chinese-English dictionary? —Sorry, I ________ it at home? A. borrow; forgot B. lend; left C. lend; forgot D. borrow; left 26. Can you ________ a little French?
A. say B. talk C. speak D. tell
27. The internet ________ it easy go get much new information in a short time. A. finds B. makes C. feels D. takes
28. —Do you like the music The Moonlight Sonata? —Yes, it ________ really beautiful. A. feels B. sounds C. listens D. hears
29. Alice, we are going to spend our holiday in Canada，if you ________, we can go to China instead. A. hope B. wish C. prefer D. agree 30. —Hello! Would you like to go to the concert with me tonight?
—I'm sorry I can't Mother won't ________ me to go out in the evening. A. let B. allow C. offer D. ask 31. It's too dark here. Please ________ the light.
A. turn back B. turn down C. turn on D. turn off 32. After finishing your paper, look it over to ________ there are no mistakes. A. find out B. try out C. make sure D. think about 33. The baby is sleeping. Please ________ the radio a little.
A. turn down B. turn up C. turn on D. turn off 34. —Look! The bus is coming.
—But there are too many people. We can't ________ it.
A. get off B. get down C. get on D. get up 35. Don't ________ your coat, Tom! It's easy to catch a cold in spring.
A. take away B. take off C. take down D. take out 36. The trees must ________ three times a week.
A. water B. is watering C. be watered D. waters 四、随堂监测B组
II．用所给词的适当形式填空：
1 They ________ (visit) the museum last week.
2. Zhang Hong ________ (make) many friends since she came to Paris. 3. She ________ (go)to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening. 4. John is always busy. He ________ (sleep) only six hours very night. 5. Stay here; boy; don't go out. It ________ (rain) now. 6. She often ________ (do) her lessons after supper. 7. Hurry up! The train ________ (leave) in five minutes.
8. They ________ (arrive) in London on the night of April 30, 1989. 9. While we ________ (talk) in the room, the light suddenly went out 10. They ________ (learn) about 200 English words since this term. 11. The meeting ________ already ________ (start) when we got there. 12. He ________ (work) hard at English every day.
13. Put on your coat. The wind ________ (blow) hard outside now.
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14. I ________ (not finish) my homework yet.
15. He ________ (must send) to the hospital at once.
16. By the end of last year we ________ (plant) 1,500 trees.
17. She ________ (play) the piano when I went to see her last night. 18. I'll tell him about i8t as soon as I ________ (see) him. 19. She isn't at home, she ________ (go) to Shanghai.
20. ________ you ________ (get) up early every morning this year?
21. The film ________ (be) on for five minutes when I got to the cinema. 22. He said that light ________ (ravel) much faster than sound.
23. How many Chinese words ________ Mike ________ (learn) since he got to Beijing? 24. The earth ________ (move) around the sun.
25. The teacher said he ________ (give) us a talk on history soon. 26. All the students ________ (plant) trees tomorrow. 27. Please ________ (not shout) here, the baby is sleeping.
28. We were sure that he ________ (can work) out the problem. 29. The singer said she ________ (not sing) twice in one evening.
30. We are sure he will come to see us before he ________ (leave) Tianjin. 31. Look! The Yong Pioneers ________ (pant) trees on the hill. 32. Mr Wang ________ (not give) us a talk last Monday. 33. They ________ (play) basketball this time yesterday.
34. He said that they ________ (clean) the classroom the next day. 35. We often ________ (have) an English party on Saturday evenings. 36. He ________ (joint) the army a few years ago.
37. I'll tell him the news as soon as he ________ (come) back.
38. Tom always ________ (think) much of others, but little of himself.
39. Mr Black, together with his students, ________ (visit) the Science Museum now. 40. There ________ (be) a League meeting the day after tomorrow. 41. My brother ________ (be) away form home for three years.
42. When Black got to the classroom, the first class ________ (begin).
43. I don't know if he ________ (come). If he ________ (come), please let me know. 44. Tom said, \ 45. The story ________ (take) place in 1985. 46. —Where is your uncle?
—He________ (go) to the bank.
47. I usually ________ (do) my homework in the evening.
48. If it ________ (not rain) tomorrow, the League members of class ________ (plant) trees around the lake? 49. I ________ (finish) my homework by half past eight last night. 50. —What's in the lake?
—Some boys ________ (swim) in the lake.
51. The USA ________ (attack) Iraq (伊拉克) in March, 2003.
52. My brother likes English very much, and he ________ (practice) reading every morning.
动词II
典型应用剖析
一、动词的被动语态 1．主动语态和被动语态
英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫做主动语态；主语是动作的承受者，叫做被动语态。 例如：
We swept the floor. 我们打扫了地板。（主动语态） The floor was swept. 地板被打扫过。（被动语态） 2．被动语态的构成
1）被动语态是由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。
助动词be有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化规则与其作为连系动词的be的变化完全一样。被动语态的肯定式的结构是：主语+be+过去分词（vt.）+（by+宾语）。 例如：
Apple trees aren't planted in the south. 苹果树不种在南方。 The building hasn't been completed. 这座建筑物没有竣工。 3）被动语态的一般疑问句
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