发布时间 : 星期六 文章英语国家概况-美国部分清晰完整版 - 图文更新完毕开始阅读535cfb1ea26925c52dc5bf43
b. cowboys, which refers to ranch-hands or workers. ⑦dairy farming
a. Dairy Belt (milk) – Midwest
b. rank of milk production: Wisconsin, New York state.
⑧fruit: Washington ranks 1 in the production of apples in America. 4. Problems:
Farming is a tricky business; it is influenced by those factors: ① varies rainfall ② unexpected hailstorm ③ insect pests ④ changeable price ⑤ government’s support spend a lot of money Ⅳ.American Industry 1. General feature
Manufacturing accounts for about 1/4 of the GDP, about 1/4 of the national income, and over 1/5 of the work force.
2. Midwest round the Great Lakes. ① general feature:
a. the nation’s leading center of heavy industry b. It is most important in the production of motor vehicles and other transportation equipment, nonelectrical machinery, and fabricated metals. ② factors for industrial leaders
a. raw material b. Mineral
c. cheap and convenient transportation d. skill labor home market 3. Middle Atlantic States ①general feature
a. highly industrialized region b. produce chemicals, machinery, electrical equipment, textiles, and metal goods.
②factors: a. location; b. skilled workers supply and a good home market; c. transportation and shipping facilities; d. materials. 4. South
①general feature: newly developed industrial region;
②factors: a. rich natural resources and raw materials; b. good labor supply and a large home market; c. good transportation; d. seacoast provide good harbors for industrial expansion.
25
③fastest growing cities: Huston (the third busiest port in U.S.), New Orleans (the second, the first is New York), Atlanta, Dallas, Louisville, Birmingham, Miami, and Norfolk (the sixth) ④major cities:
a. North and South Carolina and Georgia are the South’s leading textile manufacturing states b.Birmingham is an important iron and steel producing city of the South c.Texas is the country’s leading state in oil and natural gas deposits
d. Houston is now the greatest commercial center of the Southwest and the chemical capital of the world (a center of petrochemical and synthetic rubber production / the home of the space center) 5. Pacific Coast
①general feature: a. the land of opportunity; b. California state, the most populous state, first in manufacturing, second in instrument making and lumbering and petroleum refining ②major cities:
a. Los Angeles, the Pacific Coast’s largest and busiest commercial city b. San Francisco, the second largest city in California, is in an excellent position to trade with the Far East and the islands of the pacific. Ⅴ.Foreign Trade
1. General situation: The United States is the largest importer in the world, and it’s exports are about 15% of the worlds total.
2. Reasons: It imports about 13% of all world imports, for the heavily dependent on foreign sources for a number of essential primary products. 3. Countries:
a. Canada is the largest single source of goods imported by the U.S., accounting for nearly 30%
of the total.
b. Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%.
c. Asia provides about 18% of American imports, with smaller percentages from Latin America,
Africa, and Australia.
Ⅵ. Problems in the U.S. Economy
Problems: Unemployment, inflation, financial deficit, and trade deficit.
必背解释
1. Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)
Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional
26
Keynesian theory (传统的凯恩斯理论)was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand. On one hand, taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.
2. Briefly discuss the factors that contributed to the fast growth of the American economy. 简要论述
美国经济迅速增长的几个因数：
The fast growth of the American economy has been contributable to many factors:
1> The geographical location of the U.S. provides very good conditions for the country to grow and become strong.2>the U.S has been by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate.3>American has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labor necessary for a constantly expanding economy.4>The U.S has a skillful and willing labor force. The American labor force is not only hard-working ,but also willing to experiment, to change and to learn new technology.
Chapter 19 Political institution政治制度
问题探究：和英法等国的三权分立相比，美国的三权分立制有何特点？
2003年3月，美国总统为推翻萨达姆政府,向国会提交议案,并召集国会,要求美军攻打伊拉克,众议院和参议院经讨论投票,不同意总统提议,双方僵持不下,只好提交最高法院投票表决,经过激烈的讨论,最高法院裁定同意总统的提案.于是,总统签署命令,国会拨出军费,并正式对伊拉克宣战,战争打响了.
阅读资源：美国的国会、总统、法院是如何相互制约的？
比如说，国会作为立法机构通过了一个法案，总统作为行政机构可以表示不同意，并且行使他的否决权，国会如果坚持，就必须达到三分之二的票数才能立这个法。相反，总统提出的法案，也必须经过国会的投票，国会可以通过，也可以反对。而作为司法部分的最高法院，有权对总统和国会提出的任何法案进行审查，然后，它不仅有对法案的解释权，而且，有宣布这些法案是否违反宪法的权力。但是，最高法院本身又没有提出法案和立法的权力。这三个权力分支机构的这种状态，就是权力的平衡和制约。
由于总统是国家元首，从形式上不向任何机关负责。但作为英国内阁的第一大臣，首相必须与内阁全体成员对议会下院负有连带政治责任。议会下院如果不支持内阁的施政方针时，首相和内阁有两种选择：一，内阁集体辞职；二，呈请国王下令解散议会下院，重新选举下院，由新选出的下院来决定内阁的去留。
美国总统有英国首相不具有的立法否决权。根据美国联邦宪法第1条，第7节，第2款规定，国会通过的法律议案，必须经总统签署方能生效，如果总统不赞成该法案可以否决。总统实现否决权的方式有两种：一，直接否决权，即总统收到国会议案10天内（星期日除外）将议案连同拒签意见返回提案议院复决，除非国会两院各以2／3多数票再次通过议案，否则其议案不得成为法律。二，搁置否决，即总统收到议案10天内不作任何表态，且正赶上国会休会，议案视为已被否决，此种否决又称为―口袋否决权‖。如艾森豪威尔总统在任期间行使否决权181次；杜鲁门总统行使否决权250次。
美国总统具有英国首相所没有的军事权。美国总统是美国联邦陆海空军及为联邦服役的各州民兵的总司令。享有统帅、指挥及调动军队的权力，有权任命三军军官，有权处理平时战时的军事事务和监督军法的执行。对外宣战权虽然属于国会，但是总统经常采用不宣而战进行对外战争，向海外派兵。
美国总统具有英国首相不具有的任命联邦法官和最高法院法官的权力。他可以利用这种权力干预和影响司法工作。
美国总统具有比英国首相更大的外交权。美国联邦宪法规定，总统和国会共同行使美国政府对外关系方面的权力。总统和国务卿一起处理与外国政府间的全部官方关系，并保护海外美国人的安全和利益。总统有权决定是否承认新国家和新政府，有权同其他国家谈判，缔结条约，但是缔结条约必须取得参议院2／3的多数议员讨论通过批准才有效。总统与外国缔结行政协议，不需要经过参议院批准。
27
美国的内阁不是决策机构，而是总统的顾问机构。总统是政府的首脑，内阁成员由总统任命，哪些人入阁，哪些人出阁，内阁成员的任期，内阁会议何时举行，都取决于总统个人的意志，总统掌握一切决策权。内阁只向总统负责，不向国会负责，因而称之为总统内阁。而英国首相虽然是内阁主席，但必须与内阁集体保持一致，同时，必须对议会负连带政治责任，接受议会的监督。
由此看来，似乎是美国总统占了上风。
但是美国总统权力要比较大地受到国会两院的制约，因为美国是非常典型的三权分立制度。英国首相则不然，首相本人乃是执政党领袖，对党内有较大的权威；其本人及大部分内阁成员是议会下院议员，另外一些内阁成员则是议会上院议员；英国的上议院同时也是英国最高法院，在英国进行司法制度改革之前，上议院议长同时也是最高法院院长同时也是大法官部部长，这个人是内阁的一位大臣，归首相管。并且，首相领导的政党由于在议会占大多数席位，因此一般来说议会都会顺利通过其提案，尤其是重要的提案。从这个意义上来说，英国并非三权分立的国家，因而首相权力受到的约束也要比美国总统小得多。
在提交立法提案方面，美国总统与国会完全分离，总统不得同时兼任国会议员，不能参加国会立法的讨论和表决，国会中的各种立法提案都由国会议员提出。而英国首相同时兼任议会下院的议员，有立法创议权，可以直接地向议会提交法律草案，参加立法活动。虽然美国总统可以通过向国会提出国情咨文、预算咨文、经济咨文、特别咨文等形式倡导国会立法。（1933年，富兰克林·罗斯福总统实行新政以来，这一途径就形成了一种政治惯例。）还可以委任立法，即国会通过立法对某些需要解决的问题，确立基本的原则和目标，具体细则授权总统及其行政部门通过行政命令和行政法规的方式处理。（从约翰逊到肯尼迪继承的新边疆政策就具体解释和发挥了美国联邦的民权法案、减税建议法案、医疗补助法案和教育事业补助法案。）但从总体来讲，美国总统还是通过迂回的方式参与立法，不像英国首相可以通过直接方式参加议会立法的法案提出、讨论和表决。英国首相在上述方面的自由度显然更大。
总的来说，两者不分伯仲啊。握个手吧！
由此看来，两国的首脑在行使权力方面都有不少的限制。这么做的原因是为了防止权力的过于集中。先贤孟德斯鸠的观点是：―当立法权和行政权集中在同一个人或同一个机关之手，自由便不复存在了；……如果司法权同立法权合而为一，则将对公民的生命和自由施行专断的权力，因为法官就是立法者。如果司法权同行政权合一，法官便将握有压迫者的权力。如果一个人或是……同一个机关行使这三种权力，即制定法律权、执行公共决议权和裁判私人犯罪或争讼权，则一切便都完了。‖
卢梭在《社会契约论》中提到：君主制只适宜于富饶的国家；贵族制只适宜于财富和版图都适中的国家；民主制则适宜于小而贫穷的国家。即使是最适宜的环境下，与之相适应的政体未必也是最佳的政体。因为民主制可能蜕化成暴民统治；贵族制则蜕化成寡头政治；至于君主制，则可能变成恐怖的专制。之所以政体会蜕化，是因为没有权力的制约。一切拥有权力的人都容易滥用权力，这是亘古不变的真理。
Ⅰ.The U.S. Constitution
1. The Constitution of the United States is the basic instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land. It is the oldest written constitution in the world. 2. How was it drafted?
①After the War of Independence, the thirteen colonies became thirteen independent nations. ②They don’t want to give up their independence, so they set up a loosely knit organization. ③At the Second Continental congress, they adopted a constitution, the Articles of Confederation.
《邦联宪法》
④But, they found there were weakness within it. ⑤They try to revise this weakness, but they failed. ⑥This turned out to be a new constitution.
⑦The new constitution was officially adopted on March 4, 1789. (first passed by Delaware in 1787)
3. Federal system 联邦制
28