发布时间 : 星期六 文章自考英语二第八单元讲义更新完毕开始阅读54d17de665ce0508763213fc
Unit 8 Text A
effective adj.有效的, 被实施的, 给人深刻印象, 有生力量 effectiveness n. stumble vt. vi.结结巴巴地说话，使困惑，蹒跚 stumble over 结结巴巴地说
e.g. When she was asked to answer questions in class, she always stumbles over her words. moderate vt. vi. （使）缓和 a.中等的，适度的 moderator n.裁判者，主持人 convince vt.使确信，使信服 spoil vt.损坏，搞糟，扰乱
e.g.The crops have been spoiled by the insects. confuse vt. 搞乱，使糊涂 confusion n.混乱，混淆 You should avoid confusing friend with foe.
suppose vt.推想, 假设, 猜想vi.料想conj.假使...结果会怎样 summarize v.概述, 总结, 摘要而言 summary n.总结 considerate adj.考虑周到的，体谅的，会照顾的 Mary is very considerate of the poor.
appreciate vt.赏识, 鉴赏, 感激vi.增值, 涨价
e.g. We greatly appreciated your timely help when we were in trouble. thoughtfulness n.思虑，慎重 thoughtful a.认真思考的，想得周到的 dramatic adj.戏剧性的, 生动的
e.g. The meeting between the mother and her son was dramatic indeed. enjoyable a.令人愉快的，可享受的 enjoy v.喜欢，享受···的乐趣 volunteer n.志愿者, 志愿兵adj.志愿的, 义务的, 无偿的v.自愿
Many old people volunteer in community service and day care centres.
call n.喊声, 叫声, 命令, 号召, 访问, 叫牌, 通话, 必要v.呼叫, 召集, 称呼, 认为, 命名, 打电话
call upon 要求，号召；拜访 cheer up 高兴起来
put oneself in sb. else’s shoes 设身处地从别人的观点看问题
in good taste a.得体的，大方的 be in bad taste 不得体的，不礼貌的 focus on 集中
cut in 插嘴，插入，把···插入
over someone’s head 超过某人的理解力 come through 表明，显示，经历，脱险
How to Give a Good Speech 怎样做好演讲
(We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life， but most of us do not do a very good job． 生活中我们都会有被邀请就某一问题做演讲的时候，但是大多数人都做得不很好。 This article gives some suggestions on how to give a good speech． 这篇文章就如何才能做好演讲提出了一些建议。)
So，you have to give a speech——and you are afraid． You get nervous，you forget what you want to say，you stumble over words，you talk too long，and you bore your audience．
好吧，你不得不做一次演讲。但你怕，你紧张，你忘记了想说的话，你结结巴巴地讲话，你讲话的时间过长，你使听众厌烦。
Later you think. “Thank goodness，it's over．I’m just no good at public speaking．I hope．I never have to do that again．”
讲完后你会这样想“谢天谢地，总算讲完了。我就是不善于在公众面前讲话。我希望我再也不要干这种事了。”
Cheer up! It doesn’t have to be that bad!． 别泄气演讲并不一定就那么令人不愉快。
Here are some simple steps to take a pain out of speech-making． 下面向你介绍一些解除演讲痛苦的几个简单步骤。
First of all，it is important to plan．Do your homework． 首先，重要的是要拟个计划，作好准备，
Find out everything you can about your subject． 找到与你演讲题目有关的一些材料。
And，at the same time，find out as much as you can about your audience． 与此同时，要尽可能多地了解你的听众。
Who are they ? What do they know about your subject ? 他们是谁?他们对你讲的主题有何了解? Do they have a common interest? 他们是否有共同的兴趣?
Why are they coming to hear you speak? 他们为什么来听你的演讲?
Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech． 在你准备演讲时，要设身处地为他们着想。
Ask yourself the purpose of your speech． What is the occasion? Why are you speaking? 你要问问自己，你演讲的目的是什么? 是在什么场合?你为什么要演讲?
Are you introducing another speaker? Moderating a discussion ? Giving a lecture? Convincing someone ? 你是在介绍另一位演讲的人，调解一次讨论，还是在讲课，还是在劝说某人?
There are many possible speaking roles , and each one has its own special characteristics． 讲话人的角色可以有许许多多，而且彼此各有自己的特点。 Make sure you know into which category you fit． 你一定要搞清楚自己属于哪一类。
Don’t spoil your speech by confusing one speaking role with another． 不要把一种讲话的角色和另一种角色弄混而使自己的演讲砸锅。
Let us suppose that you have been asked to introduce the main speaker at a meeting． 让我们假设，你要在会上介绍一位主讲人。
First，find out the most important and interesting things about the speaker． 首先就要了解清楚一些有关讲演者最重要和最有意思的事情。 Then, summarize this information in a few words． 然后，用几句话把这些加以概括。
It is all right to tell a joke if it is in good taste and will not embarrass the speaker． 如果格调高雅并且不使讲演者难堪，讲几句笑话也是可以的。 And，most important,be brief． 最重要的是简短。
Remember，you are not the main speaker；you are introducing the main speaker．
记住，你不是主讲人，而是在介绍主讲人。
If you are a moderator， you should begin by giving a quick introduction of the people on the panel． 假如你是一个主持人，你应该先简短介绍在座的人员。
After that，you should try to keep the discussion running smoothly， and you should try to focus on the connections between the speakers．
之后，你应该保持讨论的顺利进行，重点放在演讲人之间的内容衔接上面。 Keep yourself in the background． Don’t talk too much， and don’t cut in． 你要站在暗处，不要说太多，也不要插话。 Be skillful and considerate． 还要有技巧，考虑要周到。
If you are giving a lecture or explaining an idea， gather as many facts as you can on your subject． 假如你在上课或在解释一个概念，你要收集有关这一主题的材料，越多越好。 Spend plenty of time doing your research． 你要花大量时间进行研究。
Then spend plenty of time organizing your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow． 然后花大量的时间组织材料，以使你的演讲清楚和易于理解。
Use as many examples as possible，and use pictures, charts or graphs if they will help you make your points more clearly．
如果例子和图表有助于你更清楚地阐明你的观点的话、就尽可能多地采用。 Never forget your audience． 永远也不要忘记你的听众，
Don’t talk over their heads，and don’t talk down to them． 不要讲得太深，也不要讲得太浅， Treat your audience with respect． 要尊重你的听众。
They will appreciate your thoughtfulness． 他们对你周到细心的准备是会非常欣赏的。
If you are trying to sell something， you will need to convince your audience． 如果你在设法进行销售，你就需要使你的听众信服。 Do you want them to vote for Candidate A? 你想要他们投票支持候选人甲吗?
Are you offering them a new improved tooth brush ? 你是向他们推销一种改进型新牙刷吗?
This kind of speech is usually dramatic，but here too， you must do your research and know your facts． 这种讲话通常是很生动有趣的，但是在这里也是一样，你也必须作一些研究，要熟悉你要讲到的一些事实。
When you are making your speech，try to relax． 演讲时，要极力放松。
Speak slowly and clearly and look at people in your audience． 讲话要慢、清楚，眼睛看着你的听众。
Use simple vocabulary and expressions whenever possible． 只要有可能就要用简单的词汇和表达方式。
Stop for a few seconds now and then to give your audience a chance to think about what you have said．
不时地停下几秒钟，让你的听众有机会想想你所讲过的东西。 Make sure that everyone in the room can hear you． 要确保屋子里的每一个人都听到你的讲话。
If it is a large room or an auditorium，you will probably have to use a microphone． 如果是个大屋子，你或许应当用扩音器。
Just remember：be prepared． 记住：要有准备。
Know your subject, your audience,and the occasion． 要了解你讲演的主题，你的听众和场合。
Be brief． Say what you have to say and then stop． 要简短。说你必须说的，然后就结束。
Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience． 让你的个性显示出来，这样你就能和听众交心。
If you follow these simple steps， you’11 see that you don’t have to be afraid of public speaking． 如果你遵守这些简单的步骤，你就明白没有必要害怕在公众面前讲演。
In fact， you may find the experience so enjoyable that you ask to make more speeches! 实际上，你会感到这种经历是饶有兴味的，你会想要再做更多的演讲。 You’re not convinced yet? Give it a try and see what happens． 现在你还不相信?请试一试，看情况会如何。
Text B
seemingly adv.表面上，似乎真实地
resonance n.洪亮，嘹亮，共鸣 resonant a.洪亮的 回荡的 assertive adj.自信的，肯定的，断定的, 过分自信的 utilize vt.利用
beneficial a.有益的，有利的 benefit n.好处，益处 monotone n.单调，不变的乐调
monotonous adj.单调的, 无变化的 delivery n.讲演，陈述 deliver v. 把···送往 volume n.卷, 册, 体积, 量, 大量, 音量 overpowering a.不可抗拒的，压倒的
overwork vi. vt. n.使工作过度，使劳累过分
supplement n.补遗, 补充, 附录, 增刊v.补充 disturb vt.打扰，扰乱 disturbance n.干扰
irritation n.激怒，恼怒 irritate v.激怒；烦躁
The Mystery of Speaking Effectively 有效讲话的奥秘
Why is that some people have a seemingly natural ability to get attention and respect when they speak ? 为何某些人在讲演时似乎能够自然而然地吸引听众的注意力并赢得足够的尊重呢? What is it that makes others listen and pay attention to their words? 哪些因素有助于听众倾听并留意讲演内容呢?
It isn’t necessarily a question of status, or the content of what they say．