发布时间 : 星期四 文章2019海淀区高三年级第二学期期末英语练习及答案更新完毕开始阅读5a8934680522192e453610661ed9ad51f01d54bc
C
It’s common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous painting seems to look back at observers, following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room. But this common knowledge turns out wrong.
A new study finds that the woman in the painting is actually looking out at an angle that’s 15.4 degrees off to the observer’s right—well outside of the range that people normally believe when they think someone is looking right at them. In other words, said the study author, Horstmann, “She’s not looking at you.” This is somewhat ironic, because the entire phenomenon of a person’s gaze (凝视) in a photograph or painting seeming to follow the viewer is called the “Mona Lisa effect” . That effect is absolutely real, Horstmann said. If a person is illustrated or photographed looking straight ahead, even people viewing the portrait from an angle will feel they are being looked at. As long as the angle of the person’s gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side, the Mona Lisa effect occurs.
This is important for human interaction with on-screen characters. If you want someone off to the right side of a room to feel that a person on-screen is looking at him or her, you don’t cut the gaze of the character to that side—surprisingly, doing so would make an observer feel like the character isn’t looking at anyone in the room at all. Instead, you keep the gaze straight ahead. Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-intelligence avatars(虚拟头像) when Horstmann took a long look at the “Mona Lisa” and realized she wasn’t looking at him.
To make sure it wasn’t just him, the researchers asked 24 people to view images of the “Mona Lisa” on a computer screen. They set a ruler between the viewer and the screen and asked the participants to note which number on the ruler intersected Mona Lisa’s gaze. To calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gaze as she looked at the viewer, they moved the ruler farther from or closer to the screen during the study. Consistently, the researchers found, participants judged that the woman in the “Mona Lisa” portrait was not looking straight at them, but slightly off to their right.
So why do people repeat the belief that her eyes seem to follow the viewer? Horstmann isn’t sure. It’s possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they think the woman is looking straight at them. Or maybe the people who first coined the term “Mona Lisa effect” just thought it was a cool name.
38. It is generally believed that the woman in the painting “Mona Lisa”___________. A. attracts the viewers to look back B. seems mysterious because of her eyes C. fixes her eyes on the back of the viewers D. looks at the viewers wherever they stand
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39. What gaze range in a painting will cause the Mona Lisa effect?
5°5°5°5°15.4°15.4°15.4°15.4° A. B. C. D. 40. The experiment involving 24 people was conducted to______. A. confirm Horstmann’s belief B. create artificial-intelligence avatars C. calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gaze D. explain how the Mona Lisa effect can be applied 41. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Horstmann thinks it’s cool to coin the term “Mona Lisa effect”. B. The Mona Lisa effect contributes to the creation of artificial intelligence. C. Feeling being gazed at by Mona Lisa may be caused by the desire for attention. D. The position of the ruler in the experiment will influence the viewers’ judgement.
D
What a Messy Desk Says About You
For some time, psychologists have been studying how personality traits affect health and health-related choices. Not surprisingly, they have found that people blessed with innate conscientiousness, meaning that they are organized and predictable, typically eat better and live longer than people who are disorderly. They also tend to have immaculate offices.
What has been less clear is whether neat environments can produce good habits even in those who aren’t necessarily innately conscientious. To find out, researchers at the University of Minnesota conducted a series of experiments. In the first experiment, they randomly assigned a group of college-age students to spend time in two office spaces, one of which was very neat, the other wildly cluttered (乱堆) with papers and other work-related stuff. The students spent their time filling out questionnaires unrelated to the study. After 10 minutes, they were told they could leave with an apple or a chocolate bar. Those students who sat in the orderly office were twice as likely to choose the apple as those who sat among the mess.
A second experiment, however, found that working in chaos has its advantages, too. In this one, college students were placed in a messy or a neat office and asked to dream up new uses for Ping-Pong balls. Those in messy spaces generated ideas that were significantly more creative, according to two independent judges, than those in offices where stacks of papers and other objects were neatly arranged.
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The results were something of a surprise, says Dr. Vohs, the leader of the study. Few previous studies found much virtue in disorder. The broken window theory, proposed decades ago, holds that even slight disorder and neglect can encourage indifference and poor discipline.
But in the study by Dr. Vohs, disordered offices encouraged originality and a search for novelty. In the final portion of the study, adults were given the choice of adding a health “boost” to their lunchtime smoothie that was labeled either “new” or “classic.” The volunteers in the messy space were far more likely to choose the new one; those in the tidy office generally chose the classic version.
“Disorderly environments seem to inspire breaking free of tradition,” Dr. Vohs and her co-authors conclude in the study, “which can produce fresh insights.”
The implications of these findings are also practical. “My advice would be, if you need to think outside the box for a future project”, Dr. Vohs says, “then let the clutter rise and free your imagination. But if your primary goal is to eat well or to go to the gym, pick up around your office first. By doing this, the naturally messy can acquire some of the discipline of the conscientious.”
42. The underlined word “immaculate” in paragraph 1 probably means ______. A. messy B. tidy
C. terrible D. comfortable
43. Which of the following can best explain the broken window theory?
A. Chaos begets chaos. B. Misfortune may be an actual blessing. C. Bad news has wings. D. When a door shuts, a window opens. 44. Which of the following will Dr. Vohs probably agree with?
A. More virtue exists in organized people. B. Creativity results from tidiness and discipline. C. Disorderly surroundings help to create new ideas. D. Workers’ good habits guarantee the success of a project. 45. What can we conclude from the study results? A. The naturally neat people tend to be very creative. B. A messy office will cause quite low working efficiency. C. Environments can affect people’s way of thinking and behavior. D. People’s personalities are determined by their working environments.
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根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项 为多余选项。
Exam Anxiety
Has this ever happened to you? You’ve been studying hard for your midterm, but when you walk into your exam, your mind goes blank, your heart races fast, you get sweaty palms and find it hard to breathe. 46
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Everyone feels stressed during exams. Usually, it results from a fear of failure, lack of adequate preparation time and bad experiences taking tests in the past. This is normal and often helps you work harder, think faster and generally improve your performance. 47 You may also feel that other people are managing the exam better than you. This can cause you to feel that your mind has “gone blank” on information you know you have revised.
48 Some choose to ignore the problem, while others don’t review because they think they will do badly anyway and even miss exams due to the anxiety. It can also be really easy to think that if you don’t try and then you fail, you won’t feel as bad as if you fail after trying really hard.
So what can you do to fight against the negative mindset and stay calm before and during your test? 49 Yes, this seems obvious, but it’s worth repeating. If you feel confident that you’ve prepared thoroughly, you’ll feel more confident walking into the test. The second tip is simple: just start. The blank page can maximize your anxiety. 50 You can always go back and change things later if needed, but a few quick answers can get the ball rolling. Besides, allocating(分配) your time is equally important. Look through the whole test before getting started. Mentally allocate how much time you’ll spend on each section. If there’s time to recheck, even better.
A. The first thing you should do is to be prepared.
B. People often deal with exam stress in many unhelpful ways.
C. If these classic signs of exam anxiety sound familiar, you’re not alone!
D. Therefore, people need an appropriate amount of pressure to help deal with exams.
E. Realizing time is almost up and that there’s still a lot of blank space will make you desperate. F. However, if you are overly anxious about the result, you may be unable to focus on your work. G. After you get the paper, dive right in by getting some questions done to build up your confidence.
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