发布时间 : 星期三 文章南京财经大学2008年基础英语考研真题更新完毕开始阅读5e76735d3b3567ec102d8a3b
Text D
Cyberspace, data superhighways, multimedia—for those who have seen the future, the linking of computers, televisions and telephones will change our lives for ever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the West concerns itself with the \Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets – with destructive impact on the have-nots.
For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine. As \countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.
So what are the options for regaining control? One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves—so-called ―development communications‖ modernization. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries‘ economies.
Communications technology is generally exported from the U. S., Europe or Japan; the patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries. It is also expensive, and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit – credit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain.
Furthermore, when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development. This means that while local elites, foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit, those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied it.
13. From the passage we know that the development of high technology is in the interests of _____.
A. the rich countries B. scientific development C. the elite D. the world economy 14. It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A. international trade should be expanded
B. the interests of the poor countries have not been given enough consideration C. the exports of the poor countries should be increased
D. communications technology in the developing countries should be modernized
15. Why does the author say that the electronic economy may have a destructive impact on developing countries?
A. Because it enables the developed countries to control the international market. B. Because it destroys the economic balance of the poor countries.
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C. Because it violates the national boundaries of the poor countries. D. Because it inhibits the industrial growth of developing countries.
16. The development of modern communications technology in developing countries may ____.
A. hinder their industrial production
B. cause them to lose control of their trade C. force them to reduce their share of exports D. cost them their economic independence
Text E
Poor health is closely associated with homelessness. Thirteen percent of homeless patients surveyed in a national study published in the 1980s stated that poor physical health was a factor in their becoming homeless. In 1997, 43.4 million people in the United States lacked health insurance, and nearly one-third of persons living in poverty had no health insurance of any kind. A recent analysis of Health Care for the Homeless projects found that the number of uninsured persons seeking treatment is increasing: overall, HCH programs report a 35% increase in the numbers of patients who are uninsured.
The rates of both chronic and acute health problems are extremely high among the homeless
population. With the exception of obesity, strokes, and cancer, homeless people are far more likely to suffer from every category of chronic health problem. Conditions that require regular, uninterrupted treatment, such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, hypertension, addictive disorders, and mental disorders, are extremely difficult to treat or control among those without adequate housing.
Many homeless people have multiple health problems. For example, frostbite, leg ulcers and upper respiratory infections are frequent, often the direct result of homelessness. Homeless people are also at greater risk of trauma resulting from muggings, beatings, and rape. Homelessness precludes good nutrition, good personal hygiene, and basic first aid, adding to the complex health needs of homeless people. In addition, some homeless people with mental disorders may use drugs or alcohol to self- medicate, and those with addictive disorders are also often at risk of HIV and other communicable diseases.
Homeless children also experience numerous health problems. A recent study of the health status of homeless children in New York City found that 61% of homeless children had not received their proper immunizations (compared to 23% of all New York City two-year-olds); 38% of homeless children in the City's shelter system have asthma (an asthma rate four times that for all New York City children and the highest prevalence rate of any child population in the United States).
People who are homeless are overwhelmingly uninsured and often lack access to the most basic health care services for their complex health care needs. At present, there is one federally funded program, Health Care for the Homeless, which is designed specifically to provide primary health care to homeless persons. Recent evaluations of the HCH programs have found that HCH projects provide primary health care in a cost-effective and efficient manner. HCH projects are successful because they are
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designed and controlled by local communities to fill significant gaps in exiting health care delivery systems. Health and social service workers in HCH projects provide comprehensive care through accessible clinics and mobile and street health outreach. No other indigent care system provides this service. In Fiscal Year 1998, the HCH program awarded grants to 128 community-based organizations that, in mm, expanded their service network through arrangements with over 300 service providers. As a result, the HCH program serves more than 430,000 clients in 48 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. For the people served by
Health Care for the Homeless programs, the restoration of physical health is often a first step toward reentry into stable housing and mainstream society.
However, the crumbling health care safety net, the arrival of managed care, and growth in homelessness have resulted in increased need for homeless health care services. Welfare reform is also having an impact: many families leaving welfare lose health insurance, despite continued Medicaid eligibility. These and other policy changes have made it impossible for HCH programs to reach the majority of homeless people in America. A 1997 study by the Bureau of Primary Health Care found that HCH projects are experiencing a significant growth in homelessness in their communities, and that at the same time, financial support for HCH programs is diminishing. As a result, HCH projects have been forced to reduce program staffing, and waiting lists and turn away rates have increased.
17. Which of the following diseases are the ones the homeless are most likely to suffer directly from?
A. Obesity, and Tuberculosis. B. HIV/AIDS, and diabetes.
C. Frostbite, and leg ulcers. D. Strokes, and upper respiratory infections.
18. Health Care for the Homeless is ________.
A. to help to prevent future episodes of homelessness B. to help the overwhelmingly uninsured
C. to expand the service network through arrangements
D. to provide the most basic health care services to the homeless
19. According to the passage, Health Care for the Homeless projects is ________. A. questionable. B. affordable. C. efficient. D. credible. 20. Which of the following statements is true, according to the author?
A. HCH projects succeed in restoring the homeless back into houses and society. B. The overwhelmingly uninsured are those who are accessible to health care. C. The acute health problems are what the homeless population is most haunted. D. The increased number of the homeless seeking health care worsens the issue.
V. Translation from English into Chinese. (20 points)
Globalization creates unprecedented new opportunities and risks. If the poorest countries can be drawn into the global economy and get increasing access to modern knowledge and technology, it could lead to a rapid reduction in global poverty, as well as bringing new trade and investment opportunities for all. But if this is not done, the poorest
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countries will become more marginalized, and suffering and division will grow. And we all be affected by the consequences.
In order to make globalization work for the poor we need not just strong and vibrant private sectors, but also effective governments and strong and reformed international institutions. We need to work collectively to tackle the problems of conflict and corruption, boost investment in education and health, spread the benefits of technology and research, strengthen the international financial system, reduce barriers to trade, tackle environmental problems and make development assistance more effective.
VI. Translation from Chinese into English. (20 points)
中国曾向国有企业职工保证其终生受雇。在这种铁饭碗的制度之下,一份工作不仅仅只是一份薪水。国有企业还提供住房,教育,养老,医疗甚至丧葬费用。结果,失业期使工人感到深深的痛苦。为了使工人脱离国有企业,1998年政府宣布了一项有远见的计划,停止住房补贴并让城市居民购买或租用自己所住的房屋。但在政府大力创办(推行)抵押产业的时候,房屋私有化仍进行缓慢。
VII. Writing. (30 points) Directions:
Write a composition of about 400 words on the following statement.
Internet has brought much convenience to our life, but it has also brought us some problems. Some people indulge themselves in the ―virtual world‖(the world on Internet) and neglect the real world. Write a composition to express your views towards the above phenomenon.
In the first part of your article you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
You should supply a title for your article.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to following the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
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