发布时间 : 星期四 文章国际经济学第五版第二章答案更新完毕开始阅读642728454b35eefdc9d33353
第二章复习题及第三章预习题参考答案
1、什么是制度？举例说明什么是正式制度和非正式制度，并解释制度和组织的区别。 答：一制度是一套行为规则。它设置关于社会、政治和经济行为的限制或约束规则。这些规则可以以法律，行政规则或一个组织的标准守则等形式被正式承认。制度的规则可能还是非正式的，例如，在餐桌礼仪和社会习俗等。示例，正规的制度包括民法，商法，和大学标准或行为（例如，认定抄袭或性骚扰） 。非正式制度的例子包括对生日礼物交换和餐桌礼仪，在拥挤的公交车上给老人让座。 制度和组织机构的区别，就如宪法和美国政府的区别。后者宪法是一组管辖前者政府的规则。组织机构是个人或团体的联合，制度是对他们行为的限制和他们必要遵守的规则。
2，支持国际组织的观点是什么？反对国际组织的观点是什么？你认为那种观点更具有说服力？
答：赞成观点：国际组织在控制国家或区域性危机及避免其国际传播方面，是至关重要的。他们通过提供一系列的确定的和已知的（透明）规则（制度），减少了国际经济的不确定性和增加稳定性。在许多情况下，他们解决了在国际经济中搭便车的问题，以确保提供（国际）公共物品，如融资解决流动性危机的最后贷款人，或在经济衰退时开放市场。
反对论点：国际机构提供的解决问题的条件，超出了主权范围（可能会迫使采取不同于国家意愿或利益的国内政策） ，透明度（决策的机构可能被别人追求自己的利益所控制） ，意识形态（建议可能是不好的或有偏见的） ，以及执行和调整成本（不对称议价能力和承受能力，实行费用） 。总体而言，批评者质疑国际制度产生经济上的不平等和加剧弱势群体的风险。
这个问题的争论是强的并没有一个明确的结果。那一观点可以被看作是更有说服力呢？最关键的是要学生理解两种争论，并且学生能够发展一套他们自己的理由来支持自己的观点。 3. Give the arguments for and against free trade agreements. How might the signing of a free trade agreement between the United States, Central America, and the Dominican Republic have harmed Bangladesh? 3、自由贸易协定的好处和害处分别是什么？如果美国、中美国家和多米尼加共和国签订自由贸易协定对孟加拉国（亚洲）有什么影响？
Answer: Proponents of RTAs view them as building blocks for freer, more open world trade. They are able to perform this function because it is easier for a few countries to reach agreement on difficult trade matters than it is for a large number of countries. Furthermore, the domestic effects of a reduction of trade barriers are less dramatic since fewer countries are involved. Import flows and job losses and displacements are smaller and more easily managed. In addition, RTA members can experiment with new agreements, such as labor and environmental standards, that are too contentious in a larger set of negotiations. Opponents question these assumptions and argue that RTAs undermine progress toward multilateral agreements, such as the Doha Round of the WTO. They argue that RTAs polarize countries because they are discriminatory against nonmembers and because they disadvantage smaller countries that enter into agreements with large ones, since the small countries lack the ability to negotiate effectively and they are often unable to take advantage of the market opening of the larger country due to their limited infrastructure and other resources. 区域贸易协定的支持者视其为更自由，更开放的世界贸易的基石。他们能够实现这个功能，因为它更容易为少数几个国家就难以贸易问题达成协议比它的许多国家。此外，减少贸易壁垒的国内影响，因为少数国家参与那么戏剧性。进口流量和失业和位移更小，更易于管理。此外， RTA会员可以尝试新的协议，如劳工和环境标准，过于有争议的一组谈判的更大。反对者质疑这些假设，认为区域贸易协定对破坏多边协定，如多哈回合世界贸易组织的进程。他们认为，区域贸易协定的国家分化，因为他们
是歧视非会员，并因为进入与路数协议，他们的劣势较小的国家，因为小国缺乏有效的谈判能力，他们往往无法采取的市场开放的好处较大的国家，由于其有限的基础设施和其他资源。
Bangladesh may be hurt by a free trade agreement between the United States
and Central America due to the trade diversion that might result. If Bangladesh is the lowest cost producer of apparel, for example, then a lowering of U.S. tariffs against Central America could result in production for the U.S. market shifting from Bangladesh to Central America. 孟加拉国可以通过美国与中美洲自由贸易协定，由于贸易转移可能导致的被伤害。如果孟加拉国的服装成本最低的生产商，例如，然后降低美国对中美洲关税，可能会导致生产针对美国市场的转变，从孟加拉到中美洲。
4. What are public goods and how do they differ from private ones? Give examples of each. 4、什么是公共产品？其与私有产品有什么区别？分别举例说明。
Answer: Public goods are nondiminishable and nonexcludable. Private goods generally share neither of these characteristics. Private goods include most things that are bought and sold in private markets (restaurant meals, clothing, houses, cars, etc.) while public goods are often provided collectively. Public goods include national defense, public airways, civil and commercial codes, and so forth. 公共产品是nondiminishable和非排他性。私人物品一般没有分享这些特性。私人物品包括现买现卖私人市场的大多数事情（餐馆吃饭，服装，房子，汽车等），而公共物品往往是集体提供。公共物品包括国防，公共航空，民用和商业规范，等等。
5.
What are the main tasks or functions of (1) the International Monetary Fund, (2) the
World Bank, 5、国际货币基金组织、世界银行、WTO的主要任务和作用是什么？
(3) the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and (4) the World Trade Organization?
Answers: (1) The IMF’s role is to act as a lender of last resort in the case of debt crisis or foreign exchange crisis. It provides technical expertise and advice and assists national governments with necessary but difficult reorganizations of their national economies. IMF的角色是作为最后的手段在欧债危机或外汇危机的情况下，贷款人。它提供专业知识和咨询，并协助各国政府根据本国的经济需要，但难以重组。
(2) The World Bank’s mission, in general terms, is to assist with the economic development of nations through the provision of loans, technical expertise, and advice. 世界银行的使命，总体来说，是协助各国通过提供贷款，技术专长和建议的经济发展。
(3) GATT is a series of multilateral trade negotiations and resulting treaties
which binds the tariffs and trade policies of nations and limits their ability to arbitrarily change them. Its mission is to keep markets for
goods open and to ensure that nations follow a set of rules governing fair trade. 关贸总协定是一系列的多边贸易谈判，并导致该条约的约束关
税和国家的贸易政策，限制了他们的能力，随意更改。它的任务是保持市场开放的货物，并确保各国遵守一套管理公平交易规则。
(4) The WTO is an umbrella organization created by the Uruguay round of
GATT. Its role is similar to the GATT’s, but it has expanded its function to include agreements on services, agriculture, and textiles and apparel, all of which were omitted from the previous rounds of GATT. In addition, it provides rules for the resolution of trade disputes between nations and acts as a forum for the discussion and implementation of further reduction in trade barriers世界贸易组织是由关贸总协定乌拉圭回合创建一个伞式组织。它的作用是相似的关贸总协定的，但它已经扩展了其功能包括：协议上的服务，农业，纺织品和服装，所有这些都来自前几轮关贸总协定被忽略。此外，它还提供了对国家和行为之间的贸易争端的讨论和实施进一步减少贸易壁垒论坛的解析规则。.
6. When nations sign the GATT agreement, they bind their tariffs at their current level, or lower. Tariff binding means that they agree not to raise them except under unusual circumstances. Explain how tariff binding in the GATT prevents free riding during a global slowdown. 6、当各国签订关税和贸易总协定后，它们的关税被限制在现有水平或者更低。关税限制意味着除了特殊情况外，一国不会提高关税。解释关贸总协定中的关税限制在全球经济低迷时如何阻止搭便车行为？
Answer: During a global slowdown, nations may be tempted to raise barriers to
imports. The hope is that reduced imports will provide greater incentive for domestic production and add jobs in import competing industries. This part of the strategy usually works but at the cost of the loss of jobs in export industries. Export industries are hurt if other nations retaliate and impose similar barriers to imports. 在全球经济放缓，国家可能会试图提高进口壁垒。希望是进口减少将会对国内生产提供更大的激励和进口竞争产业增加就业机会。该战略的这一部分通常是工作，但在工作中出口行业的损失为代价。出口行业受到了伤害，如果其他国家采取报复行动，并处类似的进口壁垒。
The problem is that every country wants to let the others be the ones to keep their markets open. The free riding problem occurs because nations that impose import barriers are free riding on the policies of nations that do not similarly impose barriers. Tariff binding eliminates this possibility. 问题是，每个国家都希望让别人能真正继续开放市场。发生的搭便车问题，因为国家的征收进口壁垒的国家不征收类似障碍的政策搭便车。关税约束消除了这种可能性
7. Kindleberger’s study of the Great Depression of the 1930s led him to believe that market economies are sometimes unstable and that nations can get locked into prolonged downturns. Other economists are not convinced. Suppose that you disagree with Kindleberger and that you believe that market based economies are inherently stable. How would you view the need for international institutions to address the provision of each of the public goods in
Table 2.3?7、金德尔伯格对20世纪30年代大萧条研究后认为市场经济有时候是不稳定的，一国经济会长期深陷低迷状态，其他经济学家则不愿苟同。假设你不同意金德尔伯格的观点，并且认为市场经济本质上是稳定的。你怎样看待需要国际制度来解决教材表2.5中所列公共产品的供给问题？
Answer: If the international economy is inherently stable, then the need for
international institutions decreases. Most of the cases where there is a failure to provide the public goods in Table 2.3 are a consequence of the failure governments to implement sound economic policies. 如果国际经济本质上是稳定的，那么就需要国际机构减少。大部分地方有一个未能提供公共物品如表2.3的情况下，是政府失败的结果实施稳健的经济政策。
Governments may try to close markets during a recession but enlightened governments recognize this as self-defeating since other nations will retaliate. Government closure of markets is a governmental failure, not a market failure各国政府可能会在经济衰退期间关闭市场，但开明的政府认识到这是弄巧成拙，因为其他国家会采取报复行动。市场对政府关闭是一个政府失败，而不是市场失灵.
Private capital markets will channel funds to developing countries if these countries have the right policies. Again, the problem of capital shortages in developing countries may be as much a failure of developing country’s economic policies as it is a failure of markets. 私人资本市场将引导资金向发展中国家，如果这些国家有正确的政策。同样，在发展中国家资本短缺的问题，可能是因为很多发展中国家的经济政策，因为这是市场失效的故障。
Private markets will seek out payment methods that are acceptable to all the parties involved. 私募市场将寻求可以接受的所有当事方的付款方式。 Financial crises caused by a shortage of liquidity are an indicator of deeper problems. At times, it is necessary to let bad firms fail. These types of crises will burn themselves out and leave little lasting impact on the international economy. 所造成的流动性短缺，金融危机的深层问题的一个指标。有时，有必要让坏行失败。这些类型的危机会烧身出来，留在国际经济中的小持久的影响。
8. What are the five main types of regional trade agreements and what are their main characteristics? 8、五种主要的区域贸易协定是什么？其主要特征分别是什么？
Answer: The five main types of regional trade agreements are: (1) a partial trade
agreement;