发布时间 : 星期二 文章句子成分&动词时态语态 - 图文更新完毕开始阅读71cc82c19b89680203d82579
句子成分，简单句，动词时态与语态-------知识汇总 一.句子成分
句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。
1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
Jane is good at playing the piano. (名词) She went out in a hurry. (代词) Four plus four is eight. (数词)
To become a professor has been his ambition. (动词不定式) Smoking is bad for health. (动名词)
The young should respect the old. (名词化的形容词) What we shall do next is not yet decided. (主语从句)
2.谓语：是对主语加以陈述，说明主语的动作和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。 简单谓语：由动词或动词词组组成
I saw the flag on the top of the hill. He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或助动词+动词;
He can speak English well. Uncle John has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。 We are students.
3.表语：表语是在连系动词之后表示主语的性质、特征、状态或身份的部分。表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语及动词不定式、动名词、分词、表语从句表示。例如： His father is a lawyer.（名词） This dictionary is mine.（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
His job is to look after the children.（不定式） His hobby is teaching you how to use the machine.（动名词） The speech is exciting.（分词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
4.宾语：宾语表示及物动词的对象或内容。介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。宾语通常由名词、代词、数词或与之相当的结构担任，其位置在及物动词或介词之后。例如：
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They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）
复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
5.宾语补足语：宾补用于补充说明宾语。可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
6.定语：定语用于限定或修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词及从句担任。单词作定语通常放在被修饰语的前面，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰语的后面。例如：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） The sun is 93,000,000 miles away. （数词） Allison met me on my way home. （副词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） Those who want to go may go. （从句）
7.状语：状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。状语通常由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、名词短语及从句担任。修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前，修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前，有的放在动词之后。如动词有宾语，状语通常放在宾语之后。例如：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
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Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
8.同位语：同位语谓语名词或名词性短语之后，说明其内容。同位语通常由名词、名词性短语或从句担任。例如：
The future belongs to you young people. （名词） They each have a dictionary. （代词） Is there any room for us two? （数词）
Then aroused the question where we were to get the machine needed. （从句）
练习：
一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 3
5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
二.从课文中随机抽取5个句子，分析其句子成分。
二.五种基本句型
（一）句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
（二）简单句的五种基本句型： 1. S+V 主语+谓语（不及物动词） Class begins.
He runs in the park.
I stayed in the playground. The bus comes.
2.S+V+O 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语 I brought a dictionary yesterday.
He wrote a book in senior high school.
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