发布时间 : 星期六 文章高级英语听力 step - by - step - 3000第一册Unit1-12答案和听力原文更新完毕开始阅读789a062c551810a6f424865f
But festival organizers say progress in technology is making it possible for Americans to reduce their dependence on oil for transportation. That is because the kinds of energy-saving vehicles are increasing. Hybrid vehicles, for example, combine a gasoline engine and an electric motor. There are thousands on the road today. They can reduce gasoline use by as much as fifty percent.
Festival organizers say that efforts to reduce oil imports in the United States would also have important environmental and public health benefits. The burning of oil as fuel is responsible for a large share of he gases blamed for changes in he world climate. When gasoline is burned in cars, it also pollutes the air. This leads to breathing problems, cancer and other health problems.
Organizer say that strong public demand for hybrids and vehicles that use kinds of fuels could force carmakers to produce more such vehicles. That is the goal of the Green Transportation Festival.
Part III
Section A this week/ road users / the number of road accidents / take basic measures / seat belts / focus more on road safety / safer roads / traffic-free play area
Section B Children playing in the street / Young and inexperienced car drivers / badly designed / badly maintained / road users / the rules
The United Nations has opened the world's first Road Safety Week this week in a bid to raise safety awareness among road users and to reduce the number of car accidents. This week aimed especially at young people. Latest figures at the World health organization showed that road accidents are now the biggest cause of deaths among young people aged between 10 and 24.
Every year almost 400,000 young people die in road accidents although the type of road accidents varies. In Africa, which has the highest proportion of deaths, those killed are frequently children playing in the street because they have nowhere to go. In Asia, where two-wheel's transport is common, young people are more often involved in motor-cycle accidents. While in Europe and the United States, most victims are young and inexperienced car drivers.
Doctor Attian Krug at the World Health Organization says a first step to saving these lives would be to recognize that road deaths are preventable.
\if a car is badly maintained, of if drivers, or road users in general, don't know the rules, there's going to be crashes. We know also that we can act on these different elements of the road safety system to prevent those crashes.\
UN Road Safety Week aims to encourage young people to take basic measures such as wearing seat belts and car helmets but it also wants governments to focus more on road safety too by designing safer roads and building traffic-free play area for children.
\a good investment,\the UN says, \road traffic accidents currently cost over 500 million dollars a year. They are not just a waste of young lives by an obstacle to development.\
Part IV
Section A 1. increasing gridlock / urgent measures to promote mass transit systems 2. Bangkok / +100 / 10 / transportation and air quality Section B 1. pollution / traffic snarls / economic costs
2. 2. better public transportation systems / driving
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3. Most efficient / Fastest to implement / Low-cost Too expensive / Low return to investors and governments
Asia's cities, boosted by economic prosperity, especially in China and India, are facing increasing gridlock unless urgent measures to promote mass transit systems are promoted.
This was the warning Tuesday from transport analysts during a regional conference in Bangkok on sustainable transportation and air quality.
More than 100 transport specialists from 10 countries at the conference say the solution lies in providing better public transportation systems to lure car owners away from driving.
Heather Allen, a manager with the International Association of Public Transport, says Asian cities need to stress transport systems over private car use.
\energy efficiency of public transport.\average you can go twice as far using public transport as you can with a private individual car.\Asia's love affair with the car appears very strong. In India, car sales in September were up almost 10 percent, while in China vehicle sales were up 33 percent from a year ago to 354,000 units. Both countries have booming economies and growing middle classes.
But experts say such growth aggravated the problems of increasingly crowded cities.
Axel Friedrich from Germany's Federal Environmental Agency says such growth cannot be sustained as traffic snarls increase in cities. Also, he says, more private cars aggravate pollution problems and increase economic costs because workers and cargo get stuck on jammed roads. Transport analysts say that new systems such as underground railways are often too expensive and provide low returns to investors or governments.
The most efficient systems and fastest to implement are bus systems. But Mr. Firedrich says governments often face local political and business interests when trying to put in place such efficient, low-cost transport systems.
Unit 8 Trends in Economics
Part I A.
1. $25,000,000,000 2. $161,000,000
3. $37,000,000,000/ 28,000,000,000 dollars / $ 24,000,000,000 4. 30,000,000 5. $1,000,000,000 6. 5.5%/ 7.5% 7. 550/ 7%
8. 0.25% , 4.75%, 4.5% B.
1. increasing their protests against rising fuel prices
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2. a meeting of African nations
3. the Czech Republic/ by early 2003/ a conference of EU members
4. Central Bank governors/ Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and the United States 5. reduce the amount of oil/ harming their economies 6. cutting taxes on oil products
7. increase trade/ bring peace and security to the area/ in Manila 8. support policies that keep inflation flow 9. open Japanese ports to foreign companies
10. his country’s economy/ a leading manufacturing and financial center C.
1. 93,000,000 2. 97,000,000/ 133,000,000 3. 1.5 %, 16% 4. 100,000,000 5. 210, 000,000,000/ 5.1% 6. 17,500,000
7. 1.3% 8. 9.5%, 0.1%, 10,500,000 9. 27,000,000,000 10. 0.6%
Part II A
1. large forces/ national or international level 2. unemployment and inflation/ job creation
3. too high/ demands in the present/ growth and investment in the future B
1. letting inflation increase/ higher inflation 2. a very high savings rate
Tape script:
Edmund Phelps has been awarded this year’s Nobel Prize for Economics. Mr. Phelps is a professor of economics at Columbia University in New York City. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences honored Mr. Phelps for his work in macroeconomics. That is the study of large forces that affect economies at the national or international level.
Mr. Phelps correctly identified the relationship between unemployment and inflation. Since the 1930s, policymakers in many nations dealt with unemployment in the same way. They would let inflation increase to create jobs.
For example, they would make credit easier to get. As a result, people would buy more goods. Business would hire workers to meet growing demand, forcing prices up. For many years, policymakers accepted that reducing unemployment required higher inflation.
Mr. Phelps found that inflation did temporarily increase employment. But he discovered that, over the long term, inflation hurt job creation. His ideas were proved by economic conditions in America in the 1970s. That period was known for ―stagflation having high unemployment and high inflation at the same time.‖
Edmund Phelps also found that if employers expect low inflation in the future, they are more likely to hire workers.
Today, economic policy experts believe the best way to create job is to fight
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inflation.
Mr. Phelps also studied national savings over long periods of time. Common sense suggests that a very high savings rate is best. But, Mr. Phelps showed that national savings rates can be too high. He argued that saving too much limited demand in the present, which could slow growth.
The best savings rate is not so high that it limits demand in the present. And it is not so low that it limits growth and investment in the future. Still, he argued that governments should take action to raise national savings.
Edmund Phelps did much of his research in macroeconomics during the late 1960s and early 1970s. His work continues to influence economists. And it has helped change policy at central banks, which now consider fighting inflation a main goal.
Part III A.
1. noisy place/ bell/ lighted messages/ computers/ talk on the telephone/ shout/ run around
2. experts/ salespeople/ buy & sell shares of companies 3. shares
4. a list of stocks sold on the New York Stock Exchange 5. prices/ go down 6. prices/ go up
7. a company that does not earn enough profit
8. a sharp increase in the value of a stock/ something wonderful that happens unexpectedly B.
1. in 1837 in a newspaper in Illinois
2. old story/ sold the skin of a bear/ before caught it
3. a long connection/ bulls and bears/ in sports/ popular years ago/ England 4. fish/ turn over on their backs/ die
5. England/ centuries ago/ poor people/ banned/ cutting trees/ the wind blew down the tree/ take for fuel
Tape script:
Today we tell about some American expressions that are commonly used in business.
Bell sound, lighted messages appear, men and women work at computers, they talk on the telephone, at times they shout and run around. This noisy place is a stock exchange. Here experts, salespeople called brokers, buy and sell shares of companies. The shares are known as stocks. People who own stock in a company own part of that company. People pay brokers to buy and sell stocks for them. If a company earns money, its stock increases in value. If the company does not earn money, the stock decreases in value. Brokers and investors carefully watch for any changes on the big board. That is the name given to a list of stocks sold on the New York Stock Exchanges. The first written use of the word with that meaning was in a newspaper in
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