发布时间 : 星期六 文章USP38附录(191)一般鉴别试验 - 图文更新完毕开始阅读7b380766d5bbfd0a785673a1
氯化物：1、加入硝酸银试液，可产生白色凝乳状沉淀，沉淀不溶于硝酸，但可溶于稍过量的6N氨水。2、如果测试胺类盐酸盐（包括生物碱类）不能如上述反应，除另有规定外，准备供试品溶液2ml（约含2mg氯离子），加入1滴稀硝酸和0.5ml硝酸银试液，应出现白色凝乳状沉淀，立即离心，弃去上清液，沉淀分3次用1ml硝酸溶液（1→100）洗涤，弃去洗涤液。逐滴滴加氨试液，沉淀即溶解。3、将供试品与二氧化锰等量混合，用硫酸润湿，缓缓加热，应产生氯气，使湿润的淀粉碘化钾试纸变蓝，该方法只能用于专论中干燥的固体氯化物实验。
Citrate— To 15mL of pyridine add a few mg of a citrate salt, dissolved or suspended in 1 mL of water, and shake. To this mixture add 5 mL of acetic anhydride, and shake: a light red color is produced.
柠檬酸盐：取数毫克柠檬酸盐溶解或悬浮在1ml水中，加入15ml吡啶，振摇，再加入5ml醋酐，振摇，溶液应显淡红色。
Cobalt— Solutions of cobalt salts (1 in 20) in 3 N hydrochloric acid yield a red precipitate when heated on a steam bath with an equal volume of a hot, freshly prepared solution of 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (1 in 10) in 9 N acetic acid. Solutions of cobalt salts, when saturated with potassium chloride and treated with potassium nitrite and acetic acid, yield a yellow precipitate.
钴：1、钴盐的3N盐酸溶液（1→20）与等体积新配的热1-硝基2-萘酚的9N的醋酸溶液（1→10）混合，在蒸气浴中，应产生红色沉淀。2、钴盐溶液用氯化钾饱和，经亚硝酸钾和醋酸处理，应产生黄色沉淀。
Copper— Solutions of cupric compounds, acidified with hydrochloric acid, deposit a red film of metallic copper upon a bright, untarnished surface of metallic iron. An excess of 6N ammonium hydroxide, added to a solution of a cupric salt, produces first a bluish precipitate and then a deep blue-colored solution. With potassium ferrocyanide TS, solutions of cupric salts yield a reddish-brown precipitate, insoluble in diluted acids. 铜：1、供试品溶液经盐酸酸化后，放入表面光滑明亮的金属铁，在铁表层应形成一层红色的金属铜膜。2、铜盐溶液中加入过量的6N的氨水，先产生淡蓝色（青白色）沉淀，沉淀逐渐变为深蓝色。3、供试品与亚铁氰化钾试液反应生成红褐色沉淀，沉淀不溶于稀酸。 Hypophosphite— When strongly heated, hypophosphites evolve spontaneously flammable phosphine. Hypophosphites in solution yield a white precipitate with mercuric 第 5 页 共 12 页
chloride TS. This precipitate becomes gray when an excess of hypophosphite is present. Solutions of hypophosphites, acidified with sulfuric acid, and warmed with cupric sulfate TS yield a red precipitate.
次磷酸盐：1、次磷酸盐加强热，产生磷化氢，并能自燃。2、供试品溶液中加入氯化汞试液，产生白色沉淀，当供试品过量时，沉淀颜色变为灰色。3、供试品溶液用硫酸酸化后，加入硫酸铜试液，温热，产生红色沉淀。
Iodide— Solutions of iodides, upon the addition of chlorine TS, dropwise, liberate iodine, which colors the solution yellow to red. When the solution is shaken with chloroform, the latter is colored violet. The iodine thus liberated gives a blue color with starch TS. Silver nitrate TS produces, in solutions of iodides, a yellow, curdy precipitate that is insoluble in nitric acid and in 6N ammonium hydroxide.
碘化物：1、碘化物溶液中逐滴滴加氯试液，碘析出，溶液颜色从黄色变为红色，添加氯仿振摇，氯仿层显紫色。2、如上述，析出的碘加入淀粉试液，显蓝色。3、碘化物溶液中加入硝酸银试液，应生成黄色凝乳状沉淀，沉淀不溶于硝酸和6N的氨水。
Iron— Ferrous and ferric compounds in solution yield a black precipitate with ammonium sulfide TS. This precipitate is dissolved by cold 3N hydrochloric acid with the evolution of hydrogen sulfide.
铁：铁和亚铁化合物的溶液中加入硫化铵试液，产生黑色沉淀，沉淀溶于冷的3N的含有硫化氢的盐酸溶液。
Ferric Salts— Acid solutions of ferric salts yield a dark blue precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide TS. With an excess of 1 N sodium hydroxide, a reddish-brown precipitate is formed. With ammonium thiocyanate TS, solutions of ferric salts produce a deep red color that is not destroyed by dilute mineral acids.
铁盐：1、铁盐的酸溶液加入亚铁氰化钾溶液，生成深蓝色沉淀，加入过量的1N的氢氧化钠，沉淀变为红褐色。2、向铁盐溶液中加入硫氰酸铵试液，溶液即显深红色，加入稀无机酸，颜色不改变。
Ferrous Salts— Solutions of ferrous salts yield a dark blue precipitate with potassium ferricyanide TS. This precipitate is insoluble in 3N hydrochloric acid but is decomposed by 1N sodium hydroxide. With 1N sodium hydroxide, solutions of ferrous salts yield a
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greenish–white precipitate, the color rapidly changing to green and then to brown when shaken.
亚铁盐：1、亚铁盐溶液加入亚铁氰化钾试液，生成深蓝色沉淀，沉淀不溶于3N的盐酸，但可分解于1N的氢氧化钠溶液。2、供试品溶液加入1N的氢氧化钠，生成绿白色沉淀，振摇，沉淀随即变为绿色，继而变为棕色。
Lactate— When solutions of lactates are acidified with sulfuric acid, potassium
permanganate TS is added, and the mixture is heated, acetaldehyde is evolved. This can be detected by allowing the vapor to come into contact with a filter paper that has been moistened with a freshly prepared mixture of equal volumes of 20% aqueous morpholine and sodium nitroferricyanide TS: a blue color is produced.
乳酸盐：乳酸盐溶液经硫酸酸化后，加入高锰酸钾试液，混匀，加热，产生乙醛，产生的气体通向用混合液（等量20%吗啉水溶液与亚硝基铁氰化钠试液混合）湿润的滤纸，应显蓝色。
Lead— With 2N sulfuric acid, solutions of lead salts yield a white precipitate that is insoluble in 3N hydrochloric or 2N nitric acid, but is soluble in warm 1 N sodium hydroxide and in ammonium acetate TS. With potassium chromate TS, solutions of lead salts, free or nearly free from mineral acids, yield a yellow precipitate that is insoluble in 6 N acetic acid but is soluble in 1 N sodium hydroxide.
铅：1、铅盐溶液与2N的硫酸反应，生成白色沉淀，沉淀不溶于3N的盐酸或2N的硝酸，可溶于1N的温热的氢氧化钠和醋酸铵试液。2、铅盐溶液与铬酸钾试液反应（无无机酸参与），产生黄色沉淀，沉淀不溶于6N的乙酸，溶于1N的氢氧化钠。
Lithium— With sodium carbonate TS, moderately concentrated solutions of lithium salts, made alkaline with sodium hydroxide, yield a white precipitate on boiling. The precipitate is soluble in ammonium chloride TS. Lithium salts moistened with hydrochloric acid impart an intense crimson color to a nonluminous flame. Solutions of lithium salts are not precipitated by 2 N sulfuric acid or soluble sulfates (distinction from strontium).
锂：1、供试品用氢氧化钠碱化后，加入碳酸钠试液，煮沸，生成白色沉淀，沉淀在氯化铵试液中溶解。2、锂盐经盐酸湿润后于无色光焰中呈现深红色。3、锂盐溶液与硫酸或可溶性硫酸盐混合，不产生沉淀。（区别于锶）
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Magnesium— Solutions of magnesium salts in the presence of ammonium chloride yield no more than a slightly hazy precipitate when neutralized with ammonium carbonate TS, but on the subsequent addition of dibasic sodium phosphate TS, a white, crystalline precipitate, which is insoluble in 6 N ammonium hydroxide, is formed.
镁：镁盐溶液加入氯化铵，再加入碳酸铵试液，溶液显轻微的浑浊，加入磷酸氢二钠试液，产生白色晶形沉淀，沉淀在6N的氨水中不溶。
Manganese— With ammonium sulfide TS, solutions of manganous salts yield a salmon-colored precipitate that dissolves in acetic acid.
锰：二价锰盐溶液与硫化铵试液反应，生成橙红色沉淀，沉淀溶于醋酸。
Mercury— When applied to bright copper foil, solutions of mercury salts, free from an excess of nitric acid, yield a deposit that upon rubbing, becomes bright and silvery in appearance. With hydrogen sulfide, solutions of mercury compounds yield a black precipitate that is insoluble in ammonium sulfide TS and in boiling 2 N nitric acid. 汞：1、不含过量硝酸的汞盐溶液，涂布于光亮的铜箔表面，擦拭后即生成一层光亮似银的沉积物。2、汞化合物与硫化氢反应生成黑色沉淀，沉淀不溶于硫化铵试液和沸腾的2N的硝酸。
Mercuric Salts— Solutions of mercuric salts yield a yellow precipitate with 1 N sodium hydroxide. They yield also, in neutral solutions with potassium iodide TS, a scarlet precipitate that is very soluble in an excess of the reagent.
汞盐：1、汞盐溶液与1N的氢氧化钠反应生成黄色沉淀。2、供试品的中性溶液与碘化钾试液反应生成猩红色沉淀，沉淀极易溶于过量的碘化钾试液。
Mercurous Salts— Mercurous compounds are decomposed by 1 N sodium hydroxide, producing a black color. With hydrochloric acid, solutions of mercurous salts yield a white precipitate that is blackened by 6N ammonium hydroxide. With potassium iodide TS, a yellow precipitate, that may become green upon standing, is formed.
亚汞盐：1、亚汞化合物与1N的氢氧化钠反应分解，即变黑色。2、亚汞盐与盐酸反应生成白色沉淀，加入6N的氨水，沉淀变为黑色。3、供试品与碘化钾试液反应生成黄色沉淀，放置后，沉淀转为绿色。
Nitrate— When a solution of a nitrate is mixed with an equal volume of sulfuric acid, the mixture is cooled, and a solution of ferrous sulfate is superimposed, a brown color is
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