发布时间 : 星期六 文章译林牛津版高二英语必修五unit1-知识点及语法总结更新完毕开始阅读7d94485459fb770bf78a6529647d27284a73371a
You will do better to get her support.
You must get up early not to miss the train. ⑤ 不定式作方式状语时，通常采用as if 或 as though + to 的结构，其意为“好像要……”。
He raised his hand as if to hit me.
She took out a pen and a piece of paper as though to write something.
(5) 做宾语
① 某些及物动词要用动词不定式作宾语, 以下及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语： agree, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose, continue, decide, desire, determine, expect, forget, hate,hope,,intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, offer, prefer,pretend,,promise, refuse, start, try, want, undertake, wish等。例如： I want to tell you about Zhao Jie. (page 7)
We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. Mary begged to go with us.
② 动词不定式作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语it作形式宾语，而将真正宾语动词不定式后移，用于该形式的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, guess, imagine, judge, know, make, prove, realize, report, see, show, suppose, think, understand, find等。例如：
I felt it useless for us to say anything further.
I made it a rule to get up early, take a cold bath, and then do some running. I consider it better not to go.
(6) 做宾语补足语
① 带to的不定式做宾补
有相当数量的及物动词或短语可以接带to的不定式做宾补。例如： I shall try to persuade her to see the doctor. The villagers didn’t allow them to do this. I will ask them to leave the company. I shall persuade him to take the medicine. He called on his friends to help him. ② 不带to的不定式做宾补
也有一些及物动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，常见的有使役动词类：make, let, have；感官动词类：see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel等。但在被动结构中要带to (let除外)。例如： Someone saw him enter my room. He was seen to enter my room. The boy made the baby laugh by making a face at him. The baby was made to laugh by making a face at him.
(7)“疑问词+不定式”相当于这些疑问代词和副词引导的名词性从句。常见引导该形式的动词有：decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, remember, see, settle, think, understand, wonder等，在句子中可以做主语、宾语或表语。例如：
What to do next has not been decided. = What will do next has not been decided. What worries me most is how to do it. = What worries me most is how we will do it. I don’t know when to leave. = I don’t know when we will leave.
It is not yet decided whether to discuss this.= It is not yet decided whether we will discuss this.
(8) 不定式的省略
动词不定式中再次出现与前面相同的动词只留下不定式符号to, 省略其他以避免重复。例如：
I thought that Hannah must have deliberately told everyone about my mark after promising not to (tell everyone about my mark).
We won’t tell anyone about your call unless you want us to (tell anyone about your call). —Will you join us?
—I should love to (join you).
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him not to (ride his bicycle in the street).
(9) 不定式的主动形式表被动意义
① 不定式作定语时，若其逻辑主语是句子主语或宾语时，则可以用主动式表示被动。 …the important thing to remember is that both of them are friendships. (page 18) ② 但有时既可用主动形式也可用被动形式，意思不太一样。比较： Have you anything to send? (to send 的执行者是“你”。)
Have you anything to be sent? (to be sent的动作执行者是 “他人”。)
③ 形容词easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，nice，dangerous，comfortable， exciting, funny, heavy, important, good, interesting等后面接不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表被动意义, 可用it做形式主语的句型替换。
This book is easy to read. = It is easy to read the book.（这本书很容易读。）
We found the man difficult to deal with. =It is difficult for us to deal with the man.（我发现这个人很难对付。）
④ 在too…to…中, 不定式的主动式可以表示被动意义。 The plane is too far away to see.
(10) 动词不定式的复合结构
① 不定式的复合结构“for sb. to do sth.”可充当多种句子成分。一般情况下，不定式动作的执行者就是句子的主语。有时不定式的动作执行者不是句子的主语，此时不定式for sb.来充当不定式to do sth.的逻辑主语。例如： I don’t think it advisable for him to learn medicine. (宾语) This is for you to decide. (表语)
She waved the red flag for the car to stop. (状语)
The article is too difficult for a child of ten to understand. (状语) The order for them to climb the mountain was given. (定语) For a child to learn everything is impossible. (主语)
② 不定式的复合结构做主语时，常见用两种特定句型: “It is + adj. for / of sb. to do sth.” 和 “It is + n. of sb. to do sth”。
1) 在 “It is…for /of sb. to do sth.”句型中，for sb.和of sb. 有区别。for sb.前应是表事物性质的形容词如easy, important, necessary, possible等，sb和这些形容词逻辑主谓关系不能成立。而of sb. 前应是表性格特征的形容词如good, kind, nice, brave, clever, careless, foolish, silly, stupid等，其逻辑主谓关系能够成立。例： It is easy for us to understand the sentence.
We are easy逻辑主谓关系不能成立故用介词for。
It is clever of you to do that.
You are clever逻辑主谓关系能够成立故用介词of。 It is right/wrong for/of you to do that.
形容词right, wrong后接for sb和of sb都对。
2) “It is + n. of sb. to do sth”句型中常见名词多是抽象名词如
pleasure, pity, mistake, honor等，不定式的复合结构其实对抽象名词做了细节说明。例如：
It is a great mistake for them to agree with you.
It is a matter of honor for us to keep our standards as high as possible. It is a great pleasure for me to live with you.
(11) 不定式的时态和语态
① 动词不定式有不同的时态。 说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后，多数一 是那些表愿望的词：want; hope; expect等。 般 说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为同时发生，多式 数是些省略不定式符号的词，一般是复合宾语。 完 说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词之前成 发生。 式 进 不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表行 示的动作同时发生。它强调不定式动作正在进式 行或持续进行。
二、动名词
动名词是一种非谓语形式，起名词的作用，但带有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。 1. 动名词的形式： 肯定式 否定式 完成体 被动式 完成被动式 doing sth. not doing sth. having done sth. being done having been done It will be nice getting scholarships to the university. I am sorry for not having kept my promise. I remember having asked her to wait us. I don’t like being left at home in the evening. The house showed no sign of having been damaged.
2. 动名词的用法
动名词句法作用表 句 子 成 分 主 语 直接宾语 宾短语动词宾语 语 介词宾语 表 语 定 语 例 句 Swimming is a best sport in summer. There is no telling what will happen. We enjoyed seeing the film. I am thinking of taking over the job. After having finished his work, he went home. What like best is swimming in the sea. He looked me with questioning eyes. I want to go home. I hope to see you. I saw him come in. He helped him (to) carry things. I'm sorry to have troubled you. He is said to have come here. He seemed to have known it. They seemed to be getting along quite well. = It seemed that they were getting along quite well. (1) 做主语
① 动名词做主语表示比较抽象、习惯性和经常性的意义，在传统语法上和不定式做主语表具体意义有区别, 随着语言不断进步, 这种区别正在逐渐消失。例如： Moving to a new town or area can be a trying time. (page 12) Saying is easier than doing. Collecting stamps is a good hobby. ② 为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如：
1) 谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词。例如：
It’s interesting planning a holiday. It’s rather tiring walking around in a city. 2) 当use，good，waste，bore，fun，shame，encouragement，等名词作表语时，通常用it作形式主语，把作为真正主语的动名词后置。例如：
It’s no use talking to him again. = There is no use talking to him again. It’s no good refusing to do it. = There is no good refusing to do it. It is a waste of time trying to reason with him. It’s fun having guests for the weekend.
It’s such an encouragement being able to pass all the exams.
③ 在“There be no+主语”这种结构中，通常用动名词做主语，而不用不定式。这种结构表示“不可能、无法”，相当于“It is impossible to do sth”。例如： There is no getting along with him. =It is impossible to get along with him.
(2) 作宾语
某些动词或短语动词后面可以接动名词,见下表： 特定动词 + doing avoid, admit, advise, allow, permit, bear, stand, delay consider, complete, finish, risk, dislike, escape, mind, excuse, miss, imagine, enjoy, excuse, practise, suggest 等 短语动词 + doing be worth, can’t help, can’t stand, feel like, insist on, succeed in, give up, spend / waste time / money (in), have / find difficulty / trouble/ time (in) 等 惯用语或短语动词中含介词 to + doing pay/draw/get/attract(one’s) attention to, lead to, contribute to, devote oneself to, look forward to, appeal to, be / get used to, be related to, be available to, be similar to等 ① 表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：
What do you think the proverbs tell us about friendship and getting along with others?(page 1)
If you can buy a person’s friendship, it’s not worth having. (page 1) I was so upset that I felt like crying. (page 2)
It seems you need to apologize quickly to avoid losing a good friend. (page 5)
② 有些动词如remember, forget, regret等或明确表示时间先后的介词on; upon，after等，用动名词的一般式代替动名词完成式，表示动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如：
I remember seeing him before. I regret selling the house.
On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend.
After standing in the queue for hours, we got good seats.