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2-44 In a typical mobile phone system with hexagonal cells, it is forbidden to reuse a frequency band in an adjacent cell. If 840 frequencies are available, how many can be used in a given cell? ÔÚÒ»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÒƶ¯µç»°ÏµÍ³ÖУ¬·äÎѵ¥ÔªÎªÁù½ÇÐΣ¬ÔÚÏàÁڵĵ¥ÔªÄÚ½ûÖ¹ÖØÐÂʹÓÃƵ¶Î¡£Èç¹û×ܹ²ÓÐ840¸öƵÂÊ¿ÉÒÔʹÓõĻ°£¬ÔòÈκÎÒ»¸ö¸ø¶¨µÄµ¥ÔªÄÚ¿ÉÒÔʹÓöàÉÙ¸öƵÂÊ£¿ ÿ¸öµ¥ÔªÓÐ6¸öÁÚ¾Ó¡£Èç¹ûÖмäµÄµ¥ÔªÊ¹ÓÃƵ¶Î×éºÏA£¬ËüµÄÁù¸öÁÚ¾Ó¿ÉÒÔ·Ö±ðʹÓõÄƵ¶Î×éºÏB, C, B, C, B, C¡£»»¾ä»°Ëµ£¬Ö»ÐèÒª3¸öµ¥Ò»µÄµ¥Ôª¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ã¿¸öµ¥Ôª¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ280¸öƵÂÊ¡£

2-50 Suppose that A, B, and C are simultaneously transmitting 0 bits, using a CDMA system with the chip sequences of Fig. 2-45(b). What is the resulting chip sequence?

FIG 2-45(b)

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2-53 A CDMA receiver gets the following chips: (-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1). Assuming the chip sequences defined in Fig. 2-45(b), which stations transmitted, and which bits did each one send? Ò»¸öCDMA½ÓÊÕÆ÷µÃµ½ÁËÏÂÃæµÄʱ¼äƬ£¨-1+1-3+1-1-3+1+1£©¡£¼ÙÉèʱ¼äƬÐòÁÐÈçͼ2.45bÖÐËù¶¨Ò壬ÇëÎÊÄÇЩÒƶ¯Õ¾´«ÊäÁËÊý¾Ý£¿Ã¿¸öÕ¾·¢ËÍÁËʲôλ£¿ Just compute the four normalized inner products:´Ë´¦´ð°¸ÖеÄ~ÒÉΪ-ºÅÖ®Îó£¿

(?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 ?1 ?1 +1 +1 ?1 +1 +1)/8 = 1 (?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 ?1 +1 ?1 +1 +1 +1 ?1)/8 = ?1 (?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 +1 ?1 +1 +1 +1 ?1 ?1)/8 = 0 (?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 +1 ?1 ?1 ?1 ?1 +1 ?1)/8 = 1

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3-1 An upper-layer packet is split into 10 frames, each of which has an 80 percent chance of arriving undamaged. If no error control is done by the data link protocol, how many times must the message be sent on average to get the entire thing through? Ò»¸öÉϲãµÄ·Ö×é±»ÇзֳÉ10Ö¡£¬Ã¿Ò»Ö¡ÓÐ80£¥µÄ»ú»á¿ÉÒÔÎÞËðµØµ½´ï¡£Èç¹ûÊý¾ÝÁ´Â·Ð­ÒéûÓÐÌṩ´íÎó¿ØÖƵĻ°£¬ÇëÎÊ£¬¸Ã±¨ÎÄƽ¾ùÐèÒª·¢ËͶàÉٴβÅÄÜÍêÕûµØµ½´ï½ÓÊÕ·½£¿ ´ð£ºÓÉÓÚÿһ֡ÓÐ0.8 µÄ¸ÅÂÊÕýÈ·µ½´ï£¬Õû¸öÐÅÏ¢ÕýÈ·µ½´ïµÄ¸ÅÂÊΪ p=0.810=0.107¡£

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3-2The following character encoding is used in a data link protocol: A: 01000111; B: 11100011; FLAG: 01111110; ESC: 11100000 Show the bit sequence transmitted (in binary) for the four-character frame: A B ESC FLAG when each of the following framing methods are used:

(a) Character count. (b) Flag bytes with byte stuffing. (c) Starting and ending flag bytes, with bit stuffing.

½á¹ûÊÇ

(a) 00000100 01000111 11100011 11100000 01111110

(b) 01111110 01000111 11100011 11100000 11100000 11100000 01111110 01111110

(c) 01111110 01000111 110100011 111000000 011111010 01111110

3-5 A bit string, 0111101111101111110, needs to be transmitted at the data link layer. What is the string actually transmitted after bit stuffing? λ´®0111101111101111110ÐèÒªÔÚÊý¾ÝÁ´Â·²ãÉϱ»·¢ËÍ£¬ÇëÎÊ£¬¾­¹ýλÌî³äÖ®ºóʵ¼Ê±»·¢ËͳöÈ¥µÄÊÇʲô£¿ Êä³öÊÇ1110111110011111010.

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3-6 When bit stuffing is used, is it possible for the loss, insertion, or modification of a single bit to cause an error not detected by the checksum? If not, why not? If so, how? Does the checksum length play a role here? ¼ÙÉèʹÓÃÁËλÌî³ä³ÉÖ¡·½·¨£¬ÇëÎÊ£¬ÒòΪ¶ªÊ§Ò»Î»£¬²åÈëһ룬»òÕß´Û¸Äһλ¶øÒýÆðµÄ´íÎóÊÇ·ñÓпÉÄÜͨ¹ýУÑéºÍ¼ì²â³öÀ´£¿Èç¹û²»ÄܵĻ°£¬ÇëÎÊΪʲô£¿Èç¹ûÄܵĻ°£¬ÇëÎÊУÑéºÍ³¤¶ÈÔÚÕâÀïÊÇÈçºÎÆð×÷Óõģ¿ ´ð£º¿ÉÄÜ¡£¼Ù¶¨Ô­À´µÄÕýÎÄ°üº¬Î»ÐòÁÐ01111110 ×÷ΪÊý¾Ý¡£Î»Ìî³äÖ®ºó£¬Õâ¸öÐòÁн«±ä³É01111010¡£Èç¹ûÓÉÓÚ´«Êä´íÎóµÚ¶þ¸ö0 ¶ªÊ§ÁË£¬ÊÕµ½µÄλ´®ÓÖ±ä³É01111110£¬±»½ÓÊÕ·½¿´³ÉÊÇ֡β¡£È»ºó½ÓÊÕ·½Ôڸô®µÄÇ°ÃæÑ°ÕÒ¼ìÑéºÍ£¬²¢¶ÔËü½øÐÐÑéÖ¤¡£Èç¹û¼ìÑéºÍÊÇ16 룬ÄÇô±»´íÎóµÄ¿´³ÉÊǼìÑéºÍµÄ16 λµÄÄÚÈÝÅöÇɾ­ÑéÖ¤ºóÈÔÈ»ÕýÈ·µÄ¸ÅÂÊÊÇ1/216¡£Èç¹ûÕâÖÖ¸ÅÂʵÄÌõ¼þ³ÉÁ¢ÁË£¬¾Í»áµ¼Ö²»ÕýÈ·µÄÖ¡±»½ÓÊÕ¡£ÏÔÈ»£¬¼ìÑéºÍ¶ÎÔ½³¤£¬´«Êä´íÎó²»±»·¢ÏֵĸÅÂÊ»áÔ½µÍ£¬µ«¸Ã¸ÅÂÊÓÀÔ¶²»µÈÓÚÁã¡£

3-16 Data link protocols almost always put the CRC in a trailer rather than in a header. Why? Êý¾ÝÁ´Â·Ð­Ò鼸ºõ×ÜÊǽ«CRC·ÅÔÚβ²¿£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÍ·²¿£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿ ´ð£ºCRC ÊÇÔÚ·¢ËÍÆÚ¼ä½øÐмÆËãµÄ¡£Ò»µ©°Ñ×îºóһλÊý¾ÝËÍÉÏÍâ³öÏß·£¬¾ÍÁ¢¼´°ÑCRC±àÂ븽¼ÓÔÚÊä³öÁ÷µÄºóÃæ·¢³ö¡£Èç¹û°ÑCRC ·ÅÔÚÖ¡µÄÍ·²¿£¬ÄÇô¾ÍÒªÔÚ·¢ËÍ֮ǰ°ÑÕû¸öÖ¡Ïȼì²éÒ»±éÀ´¼ÆËãCRC¡£ÕâÑùÿ¸ö×Ö½Ú¶¼Òª´¦ÀíÁ½±é£¬µÚÒ»±éÊÇΪÁ˼ÆËã¼ìÑéÂ룬µÚ¶þ±éÊÇΪÁË·¢ËÍ¡£°ÑCRC ·ÅÔÚβ²¿¾Í¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ´¦Àíʱ¼ä¼õ°ë¡£

3-17 A channel has a bit rate of 4 kbps and a propagation delay of 20 msec. For what range of frame sizes does stop-and-wait give an efficiency of at least 50 percent? Ò»¸öÐŵÀµÄλËÙÂÊΪ4kbps£¬´«ÊäÑÓ³ÙΪ20ms¡£ÇëÎÊÖ¡µÄ´óСÔÚʲô·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬Í£-µÈЭÒé²Å¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃÖÁÉÙ50£¥µÄЧÂÊ£¿ ´ð£ºµ±·¢ËÍÒ»Ö¡µÄʱ¼äµÈÓÚÐŵÀµÄ´«²¥ÑÓ³ÙµÄ2 ±¶Ê±£¬ÐŵÀµÄÀûÓÃÂÊΪ50%¡£»òÕß˵£¬µ±·¢ËÍÒ»Ö¡µÄʱ¼äµÈÓÚÀ´»Ø·³ÌµÄ´«²¥ÑÓ³Ùʱ£¬Ð§Âʽ«ÊÇ50%¡£¶øÔÚÖ¡³¤Âú×ã·¢ËÍʱ¼ä´óÓÚÑÓ³ÙµÄÁ½±¶Ê±£¬Ð§Âʽ«»á¸ßÓÚ50%¡£ ÏÖÔÚ·¢ËÍËÙÂÊΪ4Mb/s£¬·¢ËÍһλÐèÒª0.25¡£

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3-18 A 3000-km-long T1 trunk is used to transmit 64-byte frames using protocol 5. If the propagation speed is 6 µsec/km, how many bits should the sequence numbers be? Ò»Ìõ3000¹«ÀﳤµÄT1¹Ç¸ÉÏß·±»ÓÃÀ´´«Êä64×Ö½ÚµÄÖ¡£¬Á½¶ËʹÓÃÁËЭÒé5.Èç¹û´«ÊäËÙ¶ÈΪ6¦Ìs/¹«ÀÔòÐòÁкÅÓ¦¸ÃÓжàÉÙλ£¿ ´ð£»ÎªÁËÓÐЧÔËÐУ¬ÐòÁпռ䣨ʵ¼ÊÉϾÍÊÇ·¢ËÍ´°¿Ú´óС£©±ØÐë×ã¹»µÄ´ó£¬ÒÔÔÊÐí·¢ËÍ·½ÔÚÊÕµ½µÚÒ»¸öÈ·ÈÏÓ¦´ð֮ǰ¿ÉÒÔ²»¶Ï·¢ËÍ¡£ÐźÅÔÚÏß·ÉϵĴ«²¥Ê±¼äΪ 6¡Á3000=18000?£¬¼´18ms¡£

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3-19In protocol 3, is it possible that the sender starts the timer when it is already running? If so, how might this occur? If not, why is it impossible?

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3-20 Imagine a sliding window protocol using so many bits for sequence numbers that wraparound never occurs. What relations must hold among the four window edges and the window size, which is constant and the same for both the sender and the receiver. ÏëÏóÕâÑùÒ»¸ö»¬¶¯´°¿ÚЭÒ飬ËüµÄÐòÁкÅÓзdz£¶àµÄ룬ËùÒÔÐòÁкż¸ºõÓÀÔ¶²»»á»Øת¡£ÇëÎÊ4¸ö´°¿Ú±ß½çºÍ´°¿Ú´óС֮¼ä±ØÐëÂú×ãʲôÑùµÄ¹Øϵ£¿ÕâÀïµÄ´°¿Ú´óСÊǹ̶¨²»±äµÄ£¬²¢ÇÒ·¢ËÍ·½ºÍ½ÓÊÕ·½µÄ´°¿Ú´óСÏàͬ¡£ Áî·¢ËÍ·½´°¿ÚΪ(Sl , Su)½ÓÊÕ·½´°¿ÚΪ(Rl , Ru)£¬Áî´°¿Ú´óСΪW¡£¶þÕß±ØÐë±£³ÖµÄ¹ØϵÊÇ£º

0 ¡Ü Su ? Sl + 1 ¡Ü W1 Ru ? Rl + 1 = W Sl ¡Ü Rl ¡Ü Su + 1

3-21 If the procedure between in protocol 5 checked for the condition a b c instead of the condition a b < c, would that have any effect on the protocol's correctness or efficiency? Explain your answer. Èç¹ûЭÒé5ÖеÄbetween¹ý³Ì¼ì²éµÄÌõ¼þÊÇa<=b<=c£¬¶ø²»ÊÇa<=b

A Õ¾¸Õ·¢³ö7 ºÅÖ¡£»B Õ¾½ÓÊÕµ½Õâ¸öÖ¡£¬²¢·¢³öÉÓ´øÓ¦´ðack¡£A Õ¾ÊÕµ½ack£¬²¢·¢ËÍ0~6 ºÅÖ¡¡£¼Ù¶¨ËùÓÐÕâЩ֡¶¼ÔÚ´«Êä¹ý³ÌÖжªÊ§ÁË¡£B Õ¾³¬Ê±£¬ÖØ·¢ËüµÄµ±Ç°Ö¡£¬´ËʱÉÓ´øµÄÈ·ÈϺÅÊÇ7¡£¿¼²ìA Õ¾ÔÚr.rack=7 µ½´ïʱµÄÇé¿ö£¬¹Ø¼ü±äÁ¿ÊÇack_expected=0£¬r.rack=7£¬next_frame_to_send_=7¡£Ð޸ĺóµÄ¼ì²éÌõ¼þ½«±»Öóɡ°Õ桱£¬²»»á±¨¸æÒÑ·¢ÏֵĶªÊ§Ö¡´íÎ󣬶øÎóÈÏΪ¶ªÊ§Á˵ÄÖ¡Òѱ»È·ÈÏ¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬Èç¹û²ÉÓÃÔ­Ïȵļì²éÌõ¼þ£¬¾ÍÄܹ»±¨¸æ¶ªÊ§Ö¡µÄ´íÎó¡£ËùÒÔ½áÂÛÊÇ£ºÎª±£Ö¤Ð­ÒéµÄÕýÈ·ÐÔ£¬ÒѽÓÊÕµÄÈ·ÈÏÓ¦´ðºÅÓ¦¸ÃСÓÚÏÂÒ»¸öÒª·¢Ë͵ÄÐòÁкš£

3-22 In protocol 6, when a data frame arrives, a check is made to see if the sequence number differs from the one expected and no_nak is true. If both conditions hold, a NAK is sent. Otherwise, the auxiliary timer is started. Suppose that the else clause were omitted. Would this change affect the protocol's correctness? ÔÚЭÒé6ÖУ¬µ±Ò»¸öÊý¾ÝÖ¡µ½´ïµÄʱºò£¬ÐèÒªÖ´ÐÐÒ»¸ö¼ì²é£¬¿´ËüµÄÐòÁкÅÊÇ·ñÓëÆÚÍûµÄÐòÁкŲ»Í¬£¬¶øÇÒno_nakΪÕæ¡£Èç¹ûÕâÁ½¸öÌõ¼þ¶¼³ÉÁ¢£¬Ôò·¢ËÍÒ»¸öNAK£¬·ñÔòµÄ»°£¬Æô¶¯¸¨Öú¶¨Ê±Æ÷¡£¼Ù¶¨else×־䱻ʡÂÔµô£¬ÕâÖָıä»áÓ°ÏìЭÒéµÄÕýÈ·ÐÔÂ𣿠´ð£º¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂËÀËø¡£¼Ù¶¨ÓÐÒ»×éÖ¡ÕýÈ·µ½´ï£¬²¢±»½ÓÊÕ¡£È»ºó£¬½ÓÊÕ·½»áÏòÇ°Òƶ¯´°¿Ú¡£ ÏÖÔÚ¼Ù¶¨ËùÓеÄÈ·ÈÏÖ¡¶¼¶ªÊ§ÁË£¬·¢ËÍ·½×îÖÕ»á²úÉú³¬Ê±Ê¼þ£¬²¢ÇÒÔٴη¢Ë͵ÚÒ»Ö¡£¬½ÓÊÕ·½½«·¢ËÍÒ»¸öNAK¡£È»ºóNONAK ±»ÖóÉα¡£¼Ù¶¨NAK Ò²¶ªÊ§ÁË¡£ÄÇô´ÓÕâ¸öʱºò¿ªÊ¼£¬·¢ËÍ·½»á²»¶Ï·¢ËÍÒѾ­±»½ÓÊÕ·½½ÓÊÜÁ˵ÄÖ¡¡£½ÓÊÕ·½Ö»ÊǺöÂÔÕâЩ֡£¬µ«ÓÉÓÚNONAK ΪᣬËùÒÔ²»»áÔÙ·¢ËÍNAK£¬´Ó¶ø²úÉúËÀËø¡£Èç¹ûÉèÖø¨Öú¼ÆÊýÆ÷£¨ÊµÏÖ¡°else¡±×Ӿ䣩£¬³¬Ê±ºóÖØ·¢NAK£¬ÖÕ¾¿»áʹ˫·½ÖØлñµÃͬ²½¡£

3-23 Suppose that the three-statement while loop near the end of protocol 6 were removed from the code. Would this affect the correctness of the protocol or just the performance? Explain your answer. ¼ÙÉèÔÚЭÒé6Öнӽüβ²¿µÄÄÚº¬ÈýÌõÓï¾äµÄwhileÑ­»·±»È¥µôµÄ»°£¬ÕâÑù»áÓ°ÏìЭÒéµÄÕýÈ·ÐÔÂ𣿻¹Êǽö½öÓ°ÏìЭÒéµÄÐÔÄÜ£¿Çë½âÊʹ𰸡£ ´ð£ºÉ¾³ýÕâÒ»¶Î³ÌÐò»áÓ°ÏìЭÒéµÄÕýÈ·ÐÔ£¬µ¼ÖÂËÀËø¡£ÒòΪÕâÒ»¶Î³ÌÐò¸ºÔð´¦Àí½ÓÊÕµ½µÄÈ·ÈÏÖ¡£¬Ã»ÓÐÕâÒ»¶Î³ÌÐò£¬·¢ËÍ·½»áÒ»Ö±±£³Ö³¬Ê±Ìõ¼þ£¬´Ó¶øʹµÃЭÒéµÄÔËÐв»ÄÜÏòÇ°½øÕ¹¡£

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