发布时间 : 星期四 文章2020高考英语新课标大二轮辅导专题三 阅读理解3-9第九讲议论文阅读理解更新完毕开始阅读845320151b2e453610661ed9ad51f01dc28157fa
第九讲 议论文阅读理解
Step1 典题感悟·高考名题这样考
(2019·浙江卷)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素)．
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源)．
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪)． Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
语篇解读：本文为议论文。根据一项研究表明，自 20世纪 30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，气候变化似乎是其主要因素。
1．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．The seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B．The increasing variety of California big trees. C．The distribution of big trees in California forests. D．The influence of farming on big trees in California.
[解析] 主旨大意题。在第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。
[答案] A
2．Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees? A．Ecological studies of forests. B．Banning woodcutting. C．Limiting housing development. D．Fire control measures.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源)．可知，野火控制之后，使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源，这对大树产生了不利影响，故选D。
[答案] D
3．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre? A．Inadequate snowmelt. B．A longer dry season. C．A warmer climate. D．Dampness of the air.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, ..., and earlier snowmelt，...可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是气温的上升，以及较早的融雪，故选C。
[答案] C
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests? D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
[解析] 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项 A符合题意。
[答案] A
Step2 文体分析·解题方略须明了
议论把握三要素，论点论据与论述。 论点常现首尾句，阐明观点与态度。 事实数据名人言，只为论点来服务。 归纳演绎或比对，明达此理何须怵！
一、阅读理解中议论文的文体和结构特点
1．文体特点：议论文观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。 2．结构特点：通常采用三段论式的结构，即“提出问题(引论)—分析问题(本论)—解决问题(结论)”。由此可见，要理解议论文有两个关键点，一是要弄清文章的论点是什么、采用了哪些论据、如何论证；二是要理清其基本结构——三段论式结构。
二、阅读理解中议论文的答题误区
议论文阅读理解题易错点往往在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身。解题时，一要弄清哪些是所引述的事实，哪些是作者的观点以及引述中不同人物的观点；二要弄清作者真正的观点是什么，既要考虑全文，又要重视结论部分，谨防将文章中引述的某人的观点和作者的观点混为一谈。
三、阅读理解中议论文的阅读策略
在阅读解题时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读全文，再区分事实和观点。通常来说，议论文会采用三段论式结构。首段会通过一个故事或对某种现象的描述来引入话题，明确论点；接下来是文章的主体部分，会用两个或两个以上的段落引用事实和理论论据进行论证，常用的论证方法有举例、引用和对比，这一部分要注意作者所选用的论据，它们往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应，同时还要留意论证的方法；文章的最后一段是结论部分，要弄清作者最后得出了什么结论。在通读全文并了解文章的结构和内容后再阅读试题，到文章中去找相对应的信息，比如事实、观点、作者真正的意图和结论等。
Step3 刷题训练·练稳练准练速度
A
(2019·沁县中学期中考试)Everyone knows that reading is important, but have you ever asked yourself why that is so?
Through reading, you expose yourself to new things, new information, new ways to solve a problem, and new ways to achieve one thing. Who knows, you might find your new hobbies within it. Who knows, you might actually explore one thing you really like and it may end up becoming your career and success in the future. Exploration begins from reading and understanding.
Reading does help form a better you, doesn't it? Through reading, you begin to understand the world more. Through reading, you begin to have a greater understanding about a topic that interests you, for example, how to build self-confidence, how to make plans better before taking action, and how to memorize things better and more. All of these start from reading.
Before you take action on anything, where should you seek for help and guidance? Reading is an essential way which can help you out. In today's world, getting advice from other people can have a big influence on your next decision. Read about how to cook a meal, how to play chess, which place is nice for the holiday family trip, read the menu before ordering food, and read the instructions before using a new machine. These all can help you become more prepared before you really get into it.
When you are reading, you are actually gaining the knowledge and experience of someone. It can speed up your success towards a goal, as you don't need to repeat the same mistakes while focusing on the right path in achieving one thing. It's like a mountain of jewelry for you to discover in books, which contain people's successes, failures and advice.
语篇解读：这是一篇议论文。文章对阅读之所以重要的原因进行了分析。 1．According to Paragraph 2, reading ____________. A．surely leads to success B．can become our new hobby
C．introduces us to new things D．helps us understand others better
[解析] 细节理解题。答案定位在第二段Through reading, you expose yourself to new things, new information, new ways to solve a problem, and new ways to achieve one thing.可知阅读可以给我们引进新鲜事物，故选C。
[答案] C
2．According to Paragraph 3, what does reading mainly lead to? A．Better memory. B．Self-improvement. C．Better understanding. D．Greater self-confidence.
[解析] 细节理解题。答案定位在第三段Reading does help form a better you, doesn't it？可知阅读可以自我提高，故选B。
[答案] B
3．What does reading allow us to do according to the last paragraph? A．To help us set goals. B．To give advice to others. C．To get prepared for action. D．To learn from other people.
[解析] 细节理解题。答案定位在最后一段When you are reading, you are actually gaining the knowledge and experience of someone.可知阅读可以让我们从别人那里获得知识和经验，故选D。
[答案] D
4．What is the text mainly about? A．Reasons why people love reading. B．Reasons why reading is important. C．Lessons that we can learn from books. D．Things that can help lead to a better you.
[解析] 主旨大意题。答案定位在第一段Everyone knows that reading is important, but have you ever asked yourself why that is so？这是全文的主题句，结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要讲了阅读很重要的原因，故选B。
[答案] B
B
(2019·成都棠湖中学开学考试)Around this time a few years ago, it was common to see videos of friends on social media having a bucket of icy water thrown on them. Known as the “ice