发布时间 : 星期六 文章外研版八年级下册2015Module2 experience 现在完成时专讲转练更新完毕开始阅读91963f7776c66137ee0619d8
第二讲 现在完成时
现在完成时： 一 定义：
表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可以表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态 二 现在完成时的结构
肯定句：have/has+ done (过去分词) 否定句：主语+have/has+not+ done (过去分词)+其他. 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+ done (过去分词)+其他. 简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定) 注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。
如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。
I. 现在完成时的标志
1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响, 现在完成时通常和，ever, never, twice（once…）, so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years（在过去几年） , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）, recently（近来） 等词连用
说明：already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。例如：
I have already finished my homework.
I haven’t finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet? They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里) I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿) I can’t find my watch now. I think I have already lost it.
2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手。
①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志
注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等;
2)不能与when连用
II. 现在完成时的用法
A．表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调对现在造成的影想或结果）。例如：
The car has arrived. 车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口）
Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着）
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B. 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+过去的时间点、疑问词how long等。例如：
My uncle has worked at this factory for five years. 我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。 Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002. 自从2002年Mr. Black 一直住在中国。
How long have you been here? 你来这里多久了？ 注意：此种用法中表示持续动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词（否定句除外）。例如： (1)这本书我已经买了三个月了。
错误：I have bought the book for three months. 正确：I have had the book for three months. (2)你哥哥参军多长时间了？
错误：How long has your brother joined the army?
正确：How long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier? 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换 leave --- be away borrow --- keep buy --- have die --- be dead begin/start --- be on finish --- be over fall ill ---be ill get up---be up
catch a cold --- have a cold put on→ wear
come/become/go --- be here fall asleep --- be asleep
get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in) get to know --- know
join----be a member of ... (成为…的一员) open ---be open close ---be closed
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用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点”。如：
He has been in the Green China for three years.
He has been a member of the Green China for three years. 他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。
The old man died 4 years ago.---- The old man has been dead for 4 years. He joined the Party 2 years ago.---- He has been in the Party for 2 years. I bought the book 5 days ago.---- I have had the book for 5 days.
表示时间段的短语有:
for+一段时间(for 2 years), since+从句(since he came here), since+时间点名词( since last year, since 5 days ago),how long; for a long time等。 III. 现在完成时态与一般过去时态的区别
1一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
I saw this film yesterday.（强调动作发生的时间是yesterday 。） I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
2一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：…ago, last week/...
In 2008, in the past, just now, the day before yesterday, yesterday ... Then(那时),that day, one day, once(从前)
现在完成时常和recently（近来），ever, never, twice, so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）连用。现在完成时不与表示过去的时间状语连用。
现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. IV.
比较since和for
since 后接时间点， for后接时间段，试比较：
I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.
My aunt has worked in a company since 1949. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
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V. 比较 have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been in
have(has) been to...表示“曾去过某地，已经从那里回来了”，可以和ever、never、twice
等连用。have(has) gone to表示“已经去了某地，在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等
He went to Shanghai last week 上周他去了上海 He has been to Shanghai.
他(曾经)到/去过上海.(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了) He has gone to Shanghai.
他已经去上海了.(也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里) Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了
I. 延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化
1.He died 10 years ago. ——He ______________ for 10 years / since 10 years ago. 2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. ——He _____________the book for 2 weeks.
3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. ——He ___________the motorbike for a month. 4. He arrived here three days ago.—He ____________here since three days ago. 5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. —— The light __________for 2 hours. 6. He left here 2 years ago.——— He ____________from here for 2 years. 7. The film began 30 minutes ago. ——The film __________ for 30 minutes. 8. They opened the door an hour ago. —— The door __________ for an hour. 9. They closed the door an hour ago. ——The door ___________for an hour. 10. He joined the army last year. ——He _____________ a _______ for a year. He _____________ the army for a year. It ____ a year ____ he joined the army. II. 单项选择。
( )1. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .
Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
( )2. Have you met Mr. Li ____？
Ａ. Just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ.a moment ago
( )3. —How long have you ____ here ? —About two months . Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived ( )4. —Our country ____ a lot so far .
—Yes. I hope it will be even ______ . Ａ. has changed ; well Ｃ. has changed ; better
Ｂ. changed ; good Ｄ. changed; better
( )5. —______ you ___ your homework yet ?—Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.
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