发布时间 : 星期一 文章本科英语语法—两时两体更新完毕开始阅读a58735641ed9ad51f01df2b1
本科·英语语法·两时两体
如果将以前的时态重新归纳，我们认为只有“两时”和“两体”。“时”的标志有助于表明或确定一个动作、一种习惯或一个状态发生的时间，为此只有两时——现在时和过去时。时表示时间或事物状态所处的时间范畴，而体是用来说明动作或过程在一定时间内处于保种状态，即进行体与完成体。二者的区别在于：时和体属于两个不同的语法范畴，前者是词的屈折变化，后者则是解析；虽然时和体经常结合在一起使用，使得人们有一种错误的观念，即：它们属于同一范畴，其实除了形式不同之外，时经常用来确立时间，体经常标志着一个行为的状态——它是否已经完成。
一、时
英语动词有两时——现在时和过去时，如果动词前面没有任何助动词，那它们就是一般现在时和一般过去时。时间和时不同，时间是一个概念，而时则是语法上的称谓，一种特定的动词时的形式在不同的上下文中可以表达不同的时间概念。
（一）一般现在时
一般现在时主要用来表达现在的时间和暗指很长久的时间，在适当的上下文中也可以用来指过去和将来以取得某种表达效果。在这里我们只对一般现在时用来指过去或将来所表达的意义作叙述和举例。
1、一般现在时表示过去时间
这种用法主要体现在像这样的情景中：（1）用现在时表示事件或状态，使得它们像刚发生的
1）2）一样，小说家们在叙述时经常使用，以达到使描述更加生动（见例○；（2）新闻标题（见例○；3）4）（3）图片的解说词（见例○；（4）剧本说明（见例○；（5）用在一些交流动词表达时，交流动
词如：say, hear等（见例○5）。
1She was such a nuisance when she lived upstairs. Every time she came back, which was usually ○
in middle of the night, she kicks off her shoes and I hear “bang, bang”.
2Japanese enjoy spending spree. ○
3Queen Elizabeth cuts ribbon for the library. ○
4At the dark, the stage is dark. It is two-thirty in the morning and a hot, mid summer’s day has ○
just begun. It is silent?
5John tells me old Joe died last night. ○
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2、一般现在时表示将来时间
往往用一般现在时表示将来注定要发生的事。如下例：
1We’ll have to stay at home if it rains tomorrow. ○
2I’ll have done the job by the time you come back. ○
3I’m afraid you’ll have to be responsible for everything you do after you’re eighteen. ○
（二）一般过去时
一般过去时主要是用来表示过去的时间的，同样在这里只对其特殊用法作阐述。 1、一般过去时用来指现在
一般过去时用来指现在时，通常表达说话人的态度或假设。
表示态度的这种用法通常用在语句中表达不太直接的问题、请求或建议，并且显示说话者语气上的委婉、礼貌：
1Did you understand? ○
○2I wondered if you could help me. ○3I hoped you would be free this evening.
表示假设的用法一般出现在从句中（尤其是if引导的从句），表示假定的事实、说话者的想法、期望。
1If you didn’t love him, you wouldn’t be sad about the news. ○
○2What would you do if you had a lot of money? ○3He behaves as if he owned the company. ○4I wish I had strength like yours. ○5I’d rather you didn’t act so foolishly? ○6It’s time we had a break.
○7If only they stopped this constant complaining. 2、一般过去时用来表示将来
一般过去时还可以表示将来的意想不到的情况，这种用法一般出现在某正经分句中，表达的是假设的意义：
1If it rained tomorrow, we’d have to stay home. ○
○2What if she didn’t call in the minutes? ○3Suppose they invited us this weekend.
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二、体
体往往和时结合在一起使用，为此我们有了六种结合方式：
I.
are working
（现在进行体） （过去进行体） （现在完成体） （过去完成体）
II. were working III. have worked IV. had worked
We
V. have been working （现在完成进行体） VI. had been working （过去完成进行体）
（一）现在进行体
（1）现在进行体与一般现在时相比，侧重的是暂时性，表达动作与说话同时进行的事件：
1Why are you driving so fast? Slow down, please! ○
2Take an umbrella with you. It’s raining. ○
（2）现在进行体和表示高频率的副词（如：always, constantly, continually, continuously, forever, all the time, etc）连用，这时失去了表示暂时性的语义含义，而经常被用来表示一种独特的习惯：
1They are always calling me by the wrong name. ○
○2My wife is always losing her keys.
○3His secretary is constantly forgetting to post his letter. ○4The prices are forever rising.
（3）现在进行体用来指过去时间，表示最近或即时性——指说话时刚刚完成的动作： Teacher: What are you talking about? You’re disturbing the class.
（4）作为将来时间的一种表示方法，现在进行体指的是作为现在计划的结果、将来所发生的事件，暗含着已经为将来发生的事件作了准备：
1They are leaving tomorrow morning. ○
2Australia is hosting the Olympic Games in 2000. ○
（二）过去进行体
（1）过去进行体用来指过去发生的动作，经常和一些时间副词连用，指过去某一时刻或过去某阶段正在进行的动作：
1What were you doing at this time yesterday? ○
2We were still living in New York in 1995. ○
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（2）在一些特殊的句型中，我们经常看到过去进行体用来指现在或将来，表达一种不确定性或委婉，这一效果表达上与一般过去时相比程度更高：
1I wish you were not driving so fast. ○
2It’s time we were leaving. ○
3I was hoping you could do us a favor. ○
○4I was wondering if you’d like to come for a dinner with me this evening. （三）现在完成体与现在完成进行体
（1）现在进行完成体通常用来表示过去和现在的关系，即用来表示发生在过去，但与现在有关系的事件（动作），事件的完成与否视具体情况而定。表达“未完成”时，经常用来表示“状态”“习惯”或者用在否定句中表示未发生：
1John has lived here for ten years. ○
2I have walked to work since I sold my last car. ○
3He has often written to me since he left for Singapore. ○
4She hasn’t called yet since she left. ○
（2）现在完成体可以和进行体结合——现在完成进行体——来强调动作或事件的“未完成性”：
1This couple have been living here since their marriage. ○
2They have been negotiating for five hours now and neither party seems to be willing to ○
compromise
（3）在一定的上下文中，现在完成进行体可以被用来指刚刚过去的事件，在说话时它的结果仍起作用。在这种情况下它用来表示刚刚“完成”的事件或动作：
1A: Hold it! Take off your dirty shoes before you came in. What have you been doing in the ○
garden?
B: Pulling weeds, Mum.
2A: I’m sure she’s been crying again. ○
B: Yes, you’re right. Her eyes are red. （四）过去完成体与过去完成进行体
过去完成体和现在完成体很相似，只是时间范畴从现在移到了过去，用来指“过去的过去”。它不是把现在的某个时刻看成是时间的起点，而是把过去的某一刻或一段时间看成是起点。和现
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在完成体一样，过去完成体也有“完成”和“未完成”两种用法，后者也可以用过去完成进行体来强调。过去完成进行体的另一种用法是用在非事实假设中的表达中。
（1）一般用法
1When we arrived at the station, the train had already left. ○
○2I had known him for quite a long time before you offered to introduce him.
○3He was frustrated because he had been working on his term paper for three days and didn’t seem to make much progress. （强调“未完成”性）
（2）假设用法
过去完成体的假设用法表示未实现的事情，它用来表示与事实相反的行为，这些事实和行为属于过去，是不能改变的。这种用法经常出现在下列情况中：一是由if, if only, as if, as though等引导的从句中，二是当用expect, intend, mean, suppose, think 和want等来表达未实现的希望、打算和意图时：
1If you had worked harder, you wouldn’t have lost the job. ○
○2If only you had lived here with us. ○3I felt as if I had known her all my life.
○4I had wanted to call you but my phone broken down.
○5He had expected to win the first place but the judge was just unfair.
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