发布时间 : 星期三 文章山东农业大学工程经济课后翻译题更新完毕开始阅读a8ea09ec19e8b8f67c1cb971
1、in addition to tension and compression ,another force is at work ,namely shear，which we defined as the tendency of a material to fracture along the lines of stress
除了拉伸和压缩，另一个是工作，即剪切，我们定义的倾向的材料断裂沿应力线 2、the enormous advantage of steel is its ensile strength;that is it does not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree of tension, aforce which,as we have seen ,tends to pull apart many materials. 钢的巨大优势在于它的抗拉强度；它不会失去其强度，当它是在计算的拉伸程度，它的力量，正如我们已经看到的，往往拉除了个材料。
3、目前，正在试图生产强度高、耐久性更好且重量更轻的的混凝土
At present, trying to produce high strength, durability is better and lighter weight concrete
4、一般，材料承受拉力，或压力，或剪力，或这些力的组合作用 In general, material is subjected to a tensile force, or pressure, or force, or the force combined action
5、this force prevents the cracks from developing by eliminating or considerably reducing the tensile stresses at the critical midspan and support sections at service load , thereby raising the bending , shear, and torsional capacities of the sections.
这种力量阻止裂纹的发展通过消除或大大减少拉应力的临界跨和支持部分负荷，从而提高弯曲，剪切，扭转能力的部分。 6、the success in the development and construction of all these structures has been due in no small measures to the advances in the technology of materials, particularly prestressing steel, and the accumulated knowledge in estimating the short-and long-term losses in the prestressing forces.
发展中的成功和所有这些结构建筑是由于在不小的措施，在材料技术的进步，特别是预应力钢丝，和积累的知识在估计短期和长期在预应力长期损失。 7、混凝土的长期收缩和徐变对预应力损失产生很大影响
Concrete long-term shrinkage and XuBian have a great influence on the prestress loss
8、必须采用高强度、高延性钢作为预加应力的材料
Must adopt high strength, high ductility steel as the pre stress of material
9、this is the most highly technical and mathematical phase of a structural engineering project, but it cannot and certainly should not-be conducted without being fully coordinated with the planning and construction phases of the project. 这是最高的技术和精确的一个建筑工程项目，但它不能理所应当的理解为完全协调的规划和建设阶段的项目。 10、 the allowable-stress approach has an important disadvantage in that it does not provide a uniform overload capacity for all parts and all types of structures.
该允许营方法中的重要缺陷，它没有提供一个统一的过载能力为所有和所有类型
的结构、
11、in recent decades , these has been a growing concern among many prominent engineers that not only is the term \improper and unrealistic, but worse still a structural design philosophy based on this concept leads in most cases to an unduly conservative and therefore uneconomical design , and in some cases to an unduly conservative design with too high a probability of failure.
近几十年来，这些已成为日益关注，许多顶尖的工程师不仅是指“安全因素”不正确和不现实，但更糟的结构设计理念的基础上使这一概念在大多数情况下，过度保守的和不经济的设计，并在某些情况下，由于太过保守的设计失败的概率高的。
12、内力包括轴力、剪力、弯矩、扭矩等
Internal force including axial force, shear, bending moment, torque 13、在进行结构分析时，应该考虑到各种荷载及其组合的作用
In structural analysis, consideration should be given to various loads and their combined effect
14、目前，通常采用统计方法来研究结构所承受的荷载以及结构抗力
At present, usually adopts the statistical method to study the structure of the load and structural resistance
15、soil investigation is a means of obtaining data regarding the properties and characteristics of subsoils by providing samples for testing or providing a means of access for visual inspection. 土壤调查手段获取有关数据的性质和特点，按提供的样品或底土测试提供了一个手段获得的视觉检测。
16、in cohesive soils the voids are very often completely saturated with water which in itself is nearly incompressible and therefore compression of the soil can only take place by the water moving out of the voids thus allowing settlement of the particles.
粘性土中空隙通常是完全饱和的水本身几乎是不可压缩的土壤，因此只能发生在水的空隙，从而使沉降的颗粒。
17、不均匀沉降会导致结构产生更大的破坏
The uneven settlement will result in greater damage structure 18、土壤的物理性质与其本省的粒径有着密切的联系
Soil physical properties and the province's grain size are closely linked 19、deck structures predominate : they have a clean appearance, provide the motorist with a better view of the surrounding area,and are easier to widen if future traffic requires it 主导甲板结构：他们有一个干净的外观，为驾驶者提供了一个更好的观点的周边地区，并且容易扩大如果未来交通需要的话。.
20、the cables provided above the deck and connected to the towers would permit elimination of intermediate piers facilitating a larger width for purposes of navigation.
电缆上面提供的甲板和连接到塔允许消除中间桥墩促进较大的宽度为目的的导航。
21、在各种桥型中，悬索桥的跨度最大。
In all kinds of bridges, the largest span suspension bridge. 22、桥梁上部结构由支座及其支座面以上的构件组成 The bridge upper structure consists of a support and support surface above the component.
23、“design” includes layout , location, ground conditions ,and the theoretical and practical consideration of how the tunnel hole is kept open , temporarily durling construction and permanently durling operation and use.
“设计”包括布局，位置，地面条件，并在理论和实践的考虑如何隧道孔保持开放，暂时德林建设永久德林操作和使用。
24、the need for a well-defined and inclusive tunnel cross section with adequate spatial allowance for all necessary functions is obvious. 需要一个明确的和包容性的隧道截面足够的空间允许所有必要的功能是显而易见的。
25、 while most elements of tunnel design and construction can be the subject of lively arguments, there can be no argument about the need to determine the tunnel medium as accurately as practical. 虽然大多数元素隧道设计和施工中的主题可以生动的论点，是无可争论的需要确定隧道中准确地实践。
26、在过去的几十年中，隧道设计和施工技术发生了引人注目的变化。
In the past few decades, the tunnel design and construction technology has attract sb.'s attention changes
27、通风、照明和防火是所有类型的隧道运营中需要考虑和解决的问题。
Ventilation, lighting and fire are all types of tunnel operation need to consider and resolve the problem. 28、Quitea large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing becausetheir chief aim was to get far away from noise,crowding,and confusion
不少家庭的首选国家住房郊区住宅因为他们的主要目标是让远离噪音，拥挤，和混乱
29、The modern trend is towards light,airy factory buildings with the offices,reception rooms,telephone exchange,etc.house in one low building overlooking the access road,the workshop,also light and airy,being less accessible topublic view.
现代的趋势是光，通风的工厂大厦的办公室，接待室，电话交换，等房子在一个低建筑俯瞰道路，车间，也轻快，不进入公众视野。
30、精心设计的建筑能为人们的工作和生活提供良好的空间环境.
Careful design of the building for people's work and life to provide a good space environment
31、即便远离工作地点，不少家庭仍宁愿选择位于郊区而不是城区的住房。 Even away from the work place, many families still prefer instead of city housing in the suburbs.
32、The first step towards fixing the road alignment is to overall look
at the area concerned,select what appear to be possible routes between the terminal points,and then closely examine each of these in turn to decide which will be most suitable,without actually determining the precise centerline.This stage of the procedure is termed the reconnaissance survey and the form which it takes depends to a great extent on whether or not large-scale contoured maps of the area are already available. 第一步，固定路线是整体看有关的区域，选择什么似乎是可能的路径点之间的终端，然后仔细检查每个这些反过来决定这将是最适合的，实际上并没有确定准确的中心线。这一阶段的程序被称为普查形式，它在很大程度上取决于是否或不是大型轮廓的地区的地图已有。
32、公路定线包括地区踏勘、路线踏勘、初步定线和最终定线四个阶段。
Highway alignment, including area reconnaissance route reconnaissance, preliminary alignment and final alignment of four stages. 34、在测量工作中，常采用水准仪测定高程，经纬仪测定角度。
In surveying work, often using level determination of elevation, theodolite measurement angle.