发布时间 : 星期四 文章（暨南大学）研究生英语精读1-7课练习参考答案和译文更新完毕开始阅读b1ed7231580216fc700afd7d
9 g2g: got to go 10 btw: by the way
Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and fools
Comprehension
1(a). What relationship between science and the humanities(此处课本中有误，见 P106) can you learn from the first paragraph?
To some degree, science and the humanities have the same concern: The question raised by science is the most important that can be asked in philosophy and religion. In his book Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, Wilson shows how various fields of inquiry, and especially the humanities and sciences, intersect with each other.
1(b). Do you think science and religion can be reconciled? (Open.)
2(a). What criteria does Author apply when distinguishing science from pseudoscience? In para.2, the author mentions five diagnostic features as the criteria to distinguish science from pseudoscience: repeatability, economy, mensuration, heuristics and consilience.
2(b). Some label Acupuncture, Qigong, and Chinese Medicine as pseudoscience. Do you agree? Open.
3(a). What point does Author make in paragraph 4 and paragraph 5?
The author gives the topic sentence \frustrating\ 3(b). How does he backup his viewpoint?
In para.4, the author lists and analyses the reasons why it’s hard. In Para.5, the author develops the point by drawing on his own experience and quoting. 3(c). What example and quote does he use?
The example is from his own experience of counseling new Ph.D.'s in biology.
The quotation is from Percy Bridgman: \scientific method is doing your damnedest, no holds barred.\
4. Paragraph 6-8 discuss original discovery. How do these paragraphs relate to one another? Para.6 first introduces the topic sentence \discovery is everything\and then explains how the priority of making original discovery defines the process of scientific research.
9
Para7 and para.8 are about the importance of original discovery and they are related by two sentences of the same structure which introduce two opposite conditions and thus form a sharp contrast (make an important discovery, and ...; Fail to discover, and...).
5(a). According to Alfred North Whitehead, why do scientists learn what they need to know while remaining poorly informed about the rest of the world?
It’s because scientists are mainly concerned about making discovery. They have to concentrate on the part that is needed in the discovery while ignoring the rest. 5(b). What does the greeting question \
It reveals the fact that what they are doing are of the same nature (making discoveries) and scientists are quite aware what is common among them.
6(a). Will scientists content themselves with the discoveries they have made? Why?
No, they won't. Scientists who have already made some important discoveries are always strongly motivated and they are ready to set new goals and make continuous efforts. 6(b). What's the difference between scientists and scholars in humanities?
According to Wilson, their research is of different nature: for scholars in the humanities the most valuable work is interpreting and explaining the existing factual knowledge while for scientists original discovery is everything.
7. Can scientists be defined as a social group with a set of beliefs, characters and motivations peculiar to them?
No, they can't. No particular beliefs, characters and motivations can be identified as the defining features. (See Para. 9-11)
8(a). In what sense is scientific research an art?
There is no limitation on how to make a discovery. Scientists enjoy the freedom of applying different thinking skills and styles just like an artist.
8(b). What scientists should do in order to be highly successful?
A scientist who wants to achieve great success should not be afraid of trying new research areas where no previous research can be referred to and he has to decide everything by himself in the exploration.
8(c). According to the author, what intelligence level does normal science require? Why? The author mentions it as optimum intelligence: On the one hand he should have the adequate
10
intelligence which allows him to do some basic scientific research; on the other, his intelligence level should not be above the one for normal science, otherwise, he would find the mediocre work intolerably boring.
9(a). What advice does the author give to the novice scientists?
The author gives a lot of advice in the last paragraph. It's mainly about how to do scientific research and how to make your work known to and accepted by other scientists.
9(b). Suppose you have the plan to pursue academic study, what difficulties do you think you would have? (Open.)
10. Paraphrase the following figurative sentences:
a. Science is the sword in the stone that humanity finally pulled.
Science is the tool that the human race finally possesses. It has great potentials and is believed to empower and benefit mankind.
b. They spread out like foragers on a picket line, each alone or in small groups probing a carefully chosen, narrow sector.
Similar to those who scatter around the rope along which horses are tied and begin to search widely for food or provisions, scientists, with particular research tasks in their minds, either working individually or cooperating with others, are desperate to make discoveries.
c. They are fellow prospectors pressing deeper into an abstracted world, content most of the time to pick up an occasional nugget but dreaming of the mother lode.
Like those who work together to search for minerals, they push themselves forward and explore deeply into their research areas. They feel satisfied whenever there is a clue to their research, but they would not stop moving forward until real breakthroughs are made. d. Some are as stolid as tax accounts in April.
Just like the tax accounts taxpayers generally receive in April, some scientists are not very easily aroused or excited. They tend to act in a businesslike way.
e. To be highly successful the scientist must be confident enough to steer for blue water, abandoning sight of land for a while.
A scientist who wants to achieve great success should have trust in his own abilities and be keen on doing pioneering work which is full of risks and uncertainties, without any help from previous research.
11
Vocabulary and structure
A
1) diagnostic 2) at most 3) spreading out 4) elitists 5) driven 6) set foot on 7) at large 8) utilitarian 9) for its own sake 10) ethos B
1) sift 2) Admittedly 3) diagnostic 4) counseled 5) notwithstanding 6) steer 7) probed 8) presumptuous 9) strewn with 10) follows up C
1) ambition, objective, success, goal, victory 2) treasure, collector, critic, gallery, work 3) acquire, apply, broaden, extend, improve 4) experimental, natural, medical, behavioral, social 5) symmetry, parasite, pregnancy, science, gene
6) presumptuous, gregarious, generous, courageous, ferocious 7) productive, reclusive, compulsive, decisive, exclusive 8) marine, merge, oceanic, soil, plot, division, D
1. the 2.on 3.for 4. which 5. and 6. correct 7. back 8. correct 9. to 10. so 11. is 12. correct
Text B
Reading Comprehension
1. Some anthropologists were criticized for their involvement in military actions.
2. Because CIA wants them to collaborate with the U.S. government’s war on terror. The role
social scientists play in the war is too early to assess though some reports show they succeeded in reducing attacks from the Taliban.
3. Montgomery McFate is a navy anthropologist. She is an advocate of the collaboration.
Roberto Gonzalez is an associate professor of anthropology at San Jose State University and
leading member of the Network of Concerned Anthropologists. He think in this kind of collaboration anthropology will become just another weapon.
4. ―Subject‖ means a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures;
―fervent petitioning‖ refers to the earnest and formal request AAA received from some of its members to ban the involvement in the collaboration.
5. They find it difficult to be loyal to two communities.
6. Because civilian anthropologists have experienced ethical dilemmas, they would not fully
cooperate in military actions. Washington needs social scientists trained in the agency’s own
12