发布时间 : 星期六 文章新公共管理的现状-外文文献及翻译更新完毕开始阅读b48df969e55c3b3567ec102de2bd960591c6d954
features: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decision-making method (around the
efficiency, quality and service). (2) decentralization type management environment
replaced concentration level structure. The resource allocation and service delivery
closer to supply, we can get more itself from the customers and related information
and other interest groups. (3) can be more flexible to replace the method of public
products supply directly, so as to provide cost savings of the policy. (4) concerned
with the responsibility, authority as the key link of improving performance, including
emphasize clear performance contract mechanism. (5) in the public sector, and
between internal to create a competitive environment. (6) strengthen the strategic
decision-making ability, which can quickly, flexible and low cost to manage multiple
interests outside change and the response. (7) by request relevant results and
comprehensive cost reports to improve transparency and responsibility. (8) general
service budget and management system to support and encourage the change.
The new public management and realize a result that no one in the best way.
Managers in endowed with responsibility and without being told to get results.
Decision is a management job duties, if not for achieving goals, managers should
assume responsibility. Conclusion The government management over the past 150 years experienced three modes. First
is the personification of modern administrative mode, or when the pattern of its
defects and increasingly exposed to improve efficiency, it is the second mode of
traditional bureaucracy model is replaced. Similarly, when the traditional
8administrative mode problems, it is the third model is the new public management,
from the government to alternative market. Since 1980s, the dominance of the market
as the 1920s to 1960s dominant bureaucracy. In any kind of government, market and
bureaucratic system are coexisting, just a form at some stage dominant, and in another
stage of another kind of form, the dominant. The new public management is
increasingly weakened and bureaucracy in the public administration field market
dominant period.
In reality, the market and bureaucracy, mutual complement each other. The new public
management may not be completely replace the bureaucracy, as in 1989, the eastern
Europe before bureaucracy could not instead of the market. But the new public
management movement is early traditional bureaucracy, many functions can be and
often by market now. In a bureaucracy system for organizational principle is
weakened environment, market solutions will be launched. Of course not all market
prescription can succeed, but this is not the issue. The government of new public
management will be a toolbox dowsed solutions. If the scheme of the ineffective, the
government will from the same source for other solutions. The theory behind the
government management has already happened, we can use the term \
describe it. In public administration academia, many of the new public management
denial of critics. But their criticism of the government reform quickly. In the new
public management mode, another a kind of new mode, but certainly not returned to
the traditional administrative pattern.
新公共管理的现状
欧文·E·休斯
(澳大利亚莫纳什大学管理系)
毫无疑问,世界上许多国家,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,在20世纪80年代后期和90年代初期都开始了一场持续的公共部门管理变革运动。这场改革运动至今仍在很多方面继续对政府的组织和管理产生着影响。人们对于这些改革的看法众说纷纭,莫衷一是。批评家尤其是英国和美国的批评家们认为,新模式存在着各种各样的问题,而且也不具有国际普遍性的改革意义,公共管理不可能被称为范式。批评几乎涵盖了变化的各个方面。大多数批评都属于学术上的吹毛求疵。不同的思想流派讨论着细枝末节;学术期刊上的文章也越来越抽象,远离现实。同时,公共管理者在实践中不断推动和实施着这项变化和改革。正如我在其他文章中所认为的那样,在大多数国家,传统的公共行政模式已经为公共管理模
式所取代。公共部门的变革回应了几个相互联系的重大现实问题,包括:职能公共
部门提供公共服务的低效率;经济理论的变化;私营部门相关变化产生的影响,尤
其是全球化作为一种经济力量的兴起;技术变化使得分权同时又能更好地控制全
局成为可能。行政管理可以分为三个鲜明的发展阶段:前传统阶段、公共行政传
统模式阶段和公共管理改革阶段。每个阶段都有自己的管理模式。从上一个阶段
过渡到下一个阶段并非轻而易举,从传统的公共行政到公共管理的过渡至今尚未
完成。但这只是时间的问题。因为新模式背后的理论基础非常强大。这场变革运
动以“新公共管理”著称,尽管这个名称引起了争论,然而它不但在蓬勃发展着,
而且是对大多数发达国家已经采取的管理模式的最佳表述。传统的行政模式相对
于它所处的时代是一项伟大的改革,但是,那个时代已经过去了。一 一一 一、 、、
、前传统模式
前传统模式前传统模式
前传统模式
很显然,在19世纪末官僚体制理论尚未健全之前,已经存在着某种形式的行
政管理。公共行政已经有很长的历史了,它与政府这一概念以及文明的兴起一样
历史悠久。正如格拉登(Glad2den)指出的那样,行政的某种模式自从政府出现之
后就一直存在着。首先是创始者或领导者赋予社会以可能,然后是组织者或行政
者使之永恒。行政或事务管理是所有社会活动中的中间因素,虽然不是光彩夺目,
10但对社会的持续发展却是至关重要的。公认的行政体制在古埃及就已经存在了,
其管辖范围从每年的尼罗河泛滥引起的灌溉事务到金字塔的建造。中国在汉朝就
采用了儒家规范,认为政府应当是民选的,不是根据出身,而是根据品德和能力,
政府的主要目标是谋取人民的福利。在欧洲,各种帝国——希腊、罗马、神圣罗
马、西班牙等首先是行政帝国,它们由中央通过各种规则和程序进行管理。韦伯
认为,中世纪“现代”国家的发展同时伴随着“官僚治理结构的发展”。尽管这些
国家以不同的方式进行管理,但它们具有共同的特点,这可以称为前现代。也就是
说,早期的行政体制本质上是人格化的,或者说是建立在韦伯所说的“裙带关系”
的基础上,也就是说以效忠国王或大臣等某个特定的人为基础,而不是非人格化
的;以效忠组织或国家为基础而不是以个人为基础。尽管存在着这么一种观点,
即认为行政管理本身不为人赞许的特点仅仅来自于传统模式,但早期的做法常常
导致谋求个人利益的贪污行为或滥用职权。在早期行政体制下,我们现在看来觉
得很奇怪的做法曾是当时执政政府职能的普遍行为。那些一心走仕途的人往往依
靠朋友或亲戚获取工作或买官,这就是说先以钱来收买海关官员或税收官员,然
后再向客户伸手要钱,从而既回收了最初的买官投资成本,又可以大赚一笔。美国