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5. The word \(A) succeeded 成功 (B) balanced 平衡 (C) ended 终止 (D) advanced前进 答案：C
6.Which of the following best represents the view of ecological communities associated with Frederick Clements in paragraph 2?
(A) Only when all species in a community are at the reproductive stage of development is an ecological
community precisely balanced.
只有当一个群落的物种处在自我繁殖阶段，这个生物群里才能达到精确平衡 (B) When an ecological community achieves \
当一个生态群落达到“气候性顶点“，它就开始恶化
(C) All climates have similar climax communities. 所有气候都有相似的顶点群落
(D) Ecological communities eventually reach the maximum level of balance that is possible for their region.
生态群落最终达到平衡的最大化程度，这个在该群落所在的区域是可能发生得 答案：D
解析：需要对应第二段所有clements提过得观点：第一个生态群落物种最终都会缓慢发展到一个单一的终点，这个终点意味着所有物种平衡性和融合性最好且在特定的区域都可以发生。第二个生态演替过程与有机物发展过程类似。第三个演替过程是多个独立的阶段，最终到达成熟阶段，在这个成熟阶段群落自我繁殖时候，演替过程终止。D选项与第一个观点一致。
7. According to paragraph 2, Clements compared the process of ecological succession to (A) the replacement of animal habitats over time 随着时间推移动物栖息地更替 (B) the development of an organism 有机物的发展 (C) self-reproduction 自我繁殖 (D) changes in climate气候变化 答案：B
解析：定位到……somewhat akin to the development of an organism
8. According to Gleason in paragraph 3, the occurrence of a species in a particular community is influenced by (A) unpredictable events不可预测的事件 (B) how individualistic the species is物种的独立性
(C) the number of other species present 其他物种显示的数量
(D) the tolerance of other species to stresses其他物种对于压力的容忍度 答案：A
解析：定位第三段Gleason saw the element of chance as important in influencing where species occurred。
9. What did the ecologists in paragraph 4 hope to determine with their measurements?
(A) Whether different species compete for the same environments是否不同物种在相同环境里竞争
(B) Whether habitats are sharply separated or gradually flow into each other是否栖息地忽然分割或者缓慢的
流入到另外一个栖息地
(C) Whether succession differs in different types of habitats是否生态演替在不同类型的栖息地是不一样的 (D) Whether integrated communities survive better than independent communities
是否融合的群落比独立的群落生存更好 答案：B
解析：定位段落里的for instance得出关键信息是看气息地带的分割是缓慢还是忽然。所以只有选项B与这个意思完全一致。直接选择。
10. In paragraph 5, why does the author mention green ash trees and plains cottonwood trees?
(A) To support the current view about how ecological communities develop.支持生态群落如何发展的观点 (B) To provide an example of species that prefer to live on floodplains.
提供一个能够更适应在泛滥平原生存的物种例子
(C) To provide evidence that supports the theory of Clements提供证据支持clements理论
(D) To show where one ecological community stops and the other begins显示一个生态群落停止，另外一个生
态群落开始的地点 答案：A
解析：举例子都是为了支持前面的论点，所以定位词green ash trees and plains cottonwood trees回原文后往前一句看，发现这个例子是支持了Gleason这个人的观点---物种都是偶然的集合体都能对特定的环境做出同样的反应。A选项与这个观点靠近。B泛滥平原本身就是这两种树所在例子里的细节内容，不是两种树作为例子的目的，排除。C这个是支持Gleason不是Clement。D没提这个事
11. The word \(A) reproduce.繁殖 (B) fail.失败
(C) expand.扩张，膨胀 (D) continue持续
答案：D，persevere 坚持，不屈不挠
12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (A) We see nature as precisely balanced because nature is unchanging.
我们认为自然是精确平衡因为自然是没有变化得
(B) A precise balance of nature is not possible because of the complexity of natural systems.
自然得精确平衡是不可能得因为自然系统得复杂性
(C) 0ur sense that nature is precisely balanced results from the illusion that it is unchanging.
我们认为自然是精确平衡的这个想法来自于它是没有变化的错觉 (D) Because nature is precisely balanced, complex systems do not seem to change.
因为自然是精确平衡的，所以复杂系统似乎没有变化
答案：C
解析：划线句翻译是“但是如果我们看到了自然精确的平衡，大部分都是我们意识里的假象，因为大自然，尤其是像森林那样复杂的系统，似乎每天都没有任何变化，所以我们会产生一种幻觉。” A与该句意思相反。B没提。D没提
13 Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
Their research has helped to decide between the two views because it has focused on questions to which Clements and Gleason would give opposing answers. 答案：C
解析：插入句翻译是----他们的研究帮助在2个观点间做出判断，因为这个研究专注于解决clements和gleason可能给出相反回答的问题。根据插入句主语their research得知这前面必定有所提及研究是什么，所以A位置不合适。如果放在B位置处，会发现前一句里也没有单词能够作为their research的指代内容，唯一相近的precise measurements但是这个是复数，我们需要一个单数的名词，故排除。C位置their research刚好指代前面for instance后面在一个山体斜坡上做的一个观察的研究，且该插入句后面意思是“该研究有助于帮助大家在两个观点中下决定。”从而引出后面两个if从句所做出的不同的观察所下的结论。逻辑上相符合。
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
Over time, a variety of views have been formed on the structure of ecological communities. Answer Choices
(A) Clements held that ecological communities were like organisms that compete with each other for dominance
in a particular climatic region.
Clements认为生态群落和有机物类似，在一个特定的气候区域里互相竞争成为占有统治地位的物种 (B) Clements saw the community as a collection of thoroughly interdependent species progressing toward a
single climax community.
Clements把群落看做相互依赖物种的集合，最终进化成为一个单一的终端群落
(C) Gleason held that within a single climatic region, differing local factors would cause ecological communities
to develop in different ways.
Gleason认为在一个单一的气候区域里，不同的本地因素可能会导致生态群落以不同的形式发展 (D) Gleason believed that sharp divisions would exist between species in different habitats.
Gleason相信快速的分割可能存在于不同栖息地的物种中
(E) Today's ecologists recognize that ecological communities must be precisely and permanently balanced.
今天生态学家意识到生态群落必须是绝对精确和永远平衡得
(F) The current thinking is that communities are individualistic and largely accidental collections of species with
similar needs and tolerances.
当今想法是群落是独立的，大部分是有着相似需求和容忍度的物种的偶然的集合
答案：BCF
解析：选项A的内容竞争成为统治者没有提到，排除。B是文章第二段意思的综合概括。C是文章第三段的观点。D内容没有提及。E观点是第一段20世纪早期科学家的想法。F是第五段的意思概括