发布时间 : 星期日 文章英译汉典型题详解更新完毕开始阅读c92eb4eab14e852459fb573f
其紧密程度超出人们的一般理解。在一些低收入国家里，尤其是在撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲地区，疾病造成的负担，彻底成为了经济发展的障碍，因而必须把它当作全面发展战略中的重要问题，全力解决。艾滋病的大面积流行是一个特殊的挑战，其紧迫性和严重性前所未有。仅仅这一种传染病，就足以破坏下一代非洲的发展，如果不下大力气解决，还有可能在印度、中国和其他发展中国家造成数千万人的死亡。
《千年发展目标》是否能在低收入国家实现，在这一问题上还存在着许多错误的认识。在这场争论中，有人认为健康指标用不着去管，经济增长了，这些指标就会自然而然地实现。在最不发达的国家里，五岁以下儿童的死亡率是159%，而高收入国家则是6%。因此，有人认为，低收入国家的死亡率要赶上富裕国家的水平，只是个时间问题。这种看法是错误的，原因有两条： 首先，人们想当然地认为经济增长会解决健康问题，但是疾病所造成的负担本身就会延缓经济的增长；第二，经济增长的确重要，但仅此是远远不够的。同样的收入水平，健康水平却会相差很大。据统计，有73个国家的婴儿死亡率远远达不到《千年发展目标》的要求。有66个国家的儿童死亡率远未达到《千年发展目标》的要求。只有全球采取协调一致的战略，使穷人得到更多的基础医疗服务，才能按照《千年发展目标》的要求，减轻疾病所造成的负担。
题10
Thin people make me tired. They’ve got speedy little metabolisms that cause them to bustle briskly. They’re forever rubbing their bony hands together and eyeing new problems to “tackle”. I like to surround myself with sluggish, inert, easygoing fat people，the kind who believe that if you clean it up today, it’ll just get dirty again tomorrow.
Some people say the business about the jolly fat person is a myth, that all of us chubbies are neurotic, sick, sad people. I disagree. Fat people may not be chortling all day long, but they’re a hell of a lot nicer than the wizened and shriveled. Thin people turn surly, mean, and hard at a young age because they never learn the value of a hot-fudge sundae for easing tension. Thin people don’t like gooey soft things because they themselves are neither gooey nor soft. They are crunchy and dull, like carrots. They go straight to the heart of the matter while fat people let things stay all blurry and hazy and vague, the way things actually are. Thin people want to face the truth. Fat people know there is no truth. One of my thin friends is always staring at complex, unsolvable problems and saying, “The key thing is...” Fat people never say that. They know there isn’t any such thing as the key thing about anything.
参考译文：
瘦子让我感到累。他们新陈代谢快，脚总是忙个不停。两只皮包骨头的手总是搓来搓去，还东张西望，看有什么新问题需要“着手解决”。我喜欢和那些慢腾腾、懒洋洋、随随便便的胖子在一起，他们相信这样的哲学：你今天打扫干净了，明天还会变脏的。
有人说整天笑嘻嘻的胖子有点神秘；说我们胖子神经质，有病，可悲。我不同意。胖子虽然不是整天乐呵呵，但跟那些干瘪的瘦子相比，胖子要好得多。瘦子年纪轻轻的脾气就不好，又小气又苛刻，因为他们从不懂得热乳脂软糖圣代冰淇淋可以缓和紧张情绪。瘦子不喜欢又甜又柔软的东西，因为他们自己既不甜也不温柔。他们像萝卜，嚼起来嘎吱作响而没有味道。瘦子喜欢抓事物的要害，胖子却让事物保持其模糊不清的状态，客观事物本来就是那样！瘦子总想面对真理，胖子很清楚，世上本没有真理。我的一个瘦子朋友，眼睛老是盯着那些复杂、棘手的问题，说：“关键在于??”胖子从不说这样的话。他们知道根本就没那
回事，什么关键不关键的。
题11（选入《英语翻译基础》）
At the Fringe of Language
Language exists to communicate whatever it can communicate. Some things it communicates so badly that we never attempt to communicate them by words if any other medium is available. Those who think they are testing a boy’ s “elementary” command of English by asking him to describe in words how one ties one’ s tie or what a pair of scissors is like, are far astray. For precisely what language can hardly do at all, and never does well, is to inform us about complex physical shapes and movements. Hence descriptions of such things in the ancient writers are nearly always unintelligible. Hence we never in real life voluntarily use language for this purpose; we draw a diagram or go through pantomimic gestures. The exercises which such examiners set are no more a test of “elementary” linguistic competence than the most difficult bit of trick—riding from the circus ring is a test of elementary horsemanship.
Another grave limitation of language is that it cannot, like music or gesture, do more than one thing at once. However the words in a great poet’s phrase interanimate one other and strike the mind as quasi-instantaneous chord, yet, strictly speaking, each word must be read or heard before the next. That way, language is as unilinear as time. Hence, in narrative, the great difficulty of presenting a very complicated change which happens suddenly. If we do justice to the complexity, the time the reader must take over the passage will destroy the feeling of suddenness. If we get in the suddenness we shall not be able to get in the complexity.
One of the most important and effective uses of language is the emotional. It is also, of course, wholly legitimate. We do not talk only in order to reason or to inform. We have to make love and quarrel, to propitiate and pardon, to rebuke, to console, intercede, and a rouse. “He that complains,” said Johnson, “acts like a man, like a social being.” The real objection lies not against the language of emotion as such, but against language which, being in reality emotional, masquerades—whether by plain hypocrisy or subtle self-deceit—as being something else.
参考译文：
语言的存在就是用来表达它所能表达的一切。有些事情用语言表达效果太糟，所以如果有其他的媒介，我们从不用语言去表达。有人认为，让小孩用语言描述怎样系领带，或者描述一把剪刀的样子，就能测出他语言的“基本”水平，这种看法是完全错误的。语言做不到。也从来做不好的事，恰恰就是描述复杂的物体形状和动作。因此，古代作家对这类事情的描述，几乎总是让人看不懂。因此，我们在现实生活中，从来不会主动用语言来做这些事；我们会画一个图，或者用手势表示。这种语言测试设计，考的不是语言的“基本”能力，这就像用马戏团花样骑马表演中最难的部分，去考一个人的基本骑术。
语言的另一大局限就是它无法像音乐或手势那样，一次能做不止一件事。一个伟大的诗人，即使他的词句那样相互辉映，一瞬间好像和弦一样打动了我们，但是，严格来说，每一个字都是一个接一个地读到或听到的。这么说，语言就和时间一样，是单线前进的。因此，在叙事时，要描述瞬间发生的复杂变化，就十分困难。如果我们要把复杂性适当描述出来，读者阅读这一段语言所花的时间就会破坏瞬间感。如果我们要体现这件事的瞬间感，我们就 无法表现其复杂性。
语言最重要、最有效的一种用途就是表达感情。这当然也完全是合情合理的。我们说话不止是为了讲道理、说事情。我们还要表达爱情、与人争吵、劝解抚慰、宽恕原谅，还要指
责、安慰、调解、激发他人。约翰逊说过：“会抱怨的人行动起来才像一个人，才像一个社会的人。”我们真正要反对的并不是这种表达感情的语言，而是那种实质是表达感情，但却通过十足的虚伪或者是巧妙的自欺，伪装成别的东西的语言。
题12（选入英语翻译基础）
A Nation of Hypochondriacs
The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical schools is that the No.1 health problem in the U.S. today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don’t know how to think about health and illness. Our reactions are formed on the terror level. We fear the worst, expect the worst and invite the worst. The result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention.
Somewhere in our early education we become addicted to the notion that pain means sickness. We fail to learn that pain is the body’s way of informing the mind that we are doing something wrong, not necessarily that something is wrong. We don’t understand that pain may be telling us that we are eating too much or the wrong things; or that we are smoking too much or drinking too much; or that there is too much emotional congestion in our lives; or that we are being worn down by having to cope daily with overcrowded streets and highways, the pounding noise of garbage grinders, or the cosmic distance between the entrance to the airport and the departure gate. We get the message of pain all wrong. Instead of addressing ourselves to the cause, we become pushovers for pills, driving the pain underground and inviting it to return with increased authority. 参考译文：
一个疑病症患者的国度
在一所医学院校任教十二年来，我获得的主要印象是：当今美国的头号健康问题，甚至比艾滋病或癌症都更为严重的问题，就是美国人不知道如何去认识健康与疾病。我们的反应是惊恐万状，不知所措。我们怕最坏的事，担心最坏的事会发生，而恰恰就招来了最坏的事。结果，我们变成了一个虚
弱的自疑有病的国度，一个分不清哪些是日常偶发症状，哪些是需要医生医治的症状，而自己擅自用药的社会。
在我们早期教育的某个阶段，我们变得对疼痛即疾病这一概念深信不疑。我们不知道，人体只是用疼痛这种方式通知大脑，我们的行为出了差错，而并非一定是健康有问题。我们不明白，疼痛可能是在告诫我们，或吃得太饱，或吃得不当，或吸烟太多，或饮酒过度，或生活中感情煎熬太苦，或因每天都得面对拥挤的大街和公路、忍受垃圾粉碎机的撞击声和奔波于从机场入口到登机门之间的长距离而被搞得过分疲劳。我们把疼痛传达的信息全搞错了。我们不去探查缘由，却大服其药，把疼痛压下去，从而招致它以更大的威力再次发作。
题13
Instinctively the Englishman is no missionary, no conqueror. He prefers the country to the town, and home to foreign parts. He is rather glad and relieved if only natives will remain natives and strangers, and at a comfortable distance from himself. Yet outwardly he is most hospitable and accepts almost anybody for the time being; he travels and conquers without a settled design, because he has the instinct of exploration. His adventures are all external; they change him so little that he is not afraid of them. He carries his English weather in his heart wherever he goes, and it
becomes a cool spot in the desert, and a steady and sane oracle amongst all the deliriums of mankind. Never since the heroic days of Greece has the world had such a sweet, just, boyish master. It will be a black day for the human race when scientific blackguards, conspirators, churls, and fanatics manage to supplant him.
参考译文：
就本能而言，英国人不是传教士，不是征服者。他宁愿待在乡村，而不愿住在城市，宁愿待在家里，而不愿去陌生的地方。如果能做到本地人是本地人，陌生人是陌生人，而且和他自己保持一个舒适的距离，他会感觉很高兴，很轻松。而在外表上，他又非常好客，几乎任何人他都可以暂时地悦纳；他旅行，他征服，而没有一成不变的计划，因为喜欢探索是他的本能。他的冒险活动都是外向的，对他自己几乎没有什么影响，所以他不怕冒险。无论他走到哪里，他在心里总是怀着他的“英国人心中的气象”——它是沙漠里一个清凉的处所，是人类的谵妄之中一个稳定而明智的圣堂。自从希腊的英雄时代以来，走遍世界大概也很难碰到如此甜蜜可爱、有正义感和孩子气的主人了。对于人类而言，倘若以科学上的无赖、阴谋家、吝啬鬼和狂热之徒取而代之，那么这世界真的会变得暗无天日了。
题14
First Snow
John Boynton Priestley
When I got up this morning the world was a chilled hollow of dead white and faint blues. The light that came through the windows was very queer, and it contrived to make the familiar business of splashing and shaving and brushing and dressing very queer too. Then the sun came out, and by the time I had sat down to breakfast it was shining bravely and flushing the snow with delicate pinks. The dining-room window had been transformed into a lovely Japanese print. The little plum-tree outside, with the faintly flushed snow lining its boughs and artfully disposed along its trunk, stood in full sunlight. An hour or two later everything was a cold glitter of white and blue. The world had completely changed again. The little Japanese prints had all vanished, I looked out of my study window, over the garden, the meadow, to the low hills beyond, and the ground was one long glare, the sky was steely, and all the trees so many black and sinister shapes. There was indeed something curiously sinister about the whole prospect. It was as if our kindly country-side, close to the very heart of England, had been turned into a cruel steppe. At any moment, it seemed, a body of horsemen might be seen breaking out from the black copse, so many instruments of tyranny, and shots might be heard and some distant patch of snow be reddened. It was that kind of landscape.
参考译文：
初 雪
——约翰·波以顿·普里斯特莱
今早我起来时，整个世界简直成了一座冰窟，颜色死白缥青。透入窗内的光线颇呈异状，于是连泼水、洗漱、刷牙、穿衣等这些日常举动也都一概带上异状。继而日出，待我用早膳时，艳美的阳光把雪映得绯红。餐室的窗户已被幻变为一幅迷人的日本花布。窗外幼小的梅树一株，正粲粲于满眼睛光之下，枝柯覆雪，风致绝佳。一二小时之后，一切已化作寒光一片，白里透青。周围世界景物顿殊。适才的日本印花布等已不复可见。我探头窗外，向书斋前面的花园、草地、以及更远的低丘眺望，但觉天地光晶耀目，不可逼视，高天寒气凛冽，色作铁青，周围的一切树木也都呈现阴森可怖之状。真的，周围的整个景象的确有一种难以