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附录A:英文文献
internal combustion engine
The internal combustion engine was will liquid or gas fuel and air mixing, direct input from the burning heat within the machine again into mechanical energy of an engine. Internal combustion engine with small size, quality is small, convenient to move, high thermal efficiency, starting performance good characteristic. But internal combustion engines, and generally use oil fuel in the exhaust fumes containing harmful gas composition is higher.
The engine is a kind by many organizations and system components of the complicated machine. Whether the gasoline engine, or diesel engine; Whether four-stroke engine, or two stroke engine; Single cylinder engine, or much either cylinder engines. To complete the energy conversion, realizing work cycle, ensure long time continuous work, must have the following a few organizations and system.
1. The composition and structure internal combustion engine
(1) is crank rod system realizing work cycle engine, complete energy conversion major sports parts. It consists of the group, the piston connecting rod group and crankshaft fly wheel etc. In doing work during the trip, piston inherit the gas pressure in cylinders for linear motion, through the connecting rod convert of crankshaft rotation movement, and foreign power output from the crankshaft. And in intake, compression and exhaust stroke, flywheel energy and the release of the crankshaft rotating into pistons straight-line movement.
(2) valve-train valve-train according to the engine is the work of the work order and the working process, timing open and closed inlet and exhaust, make mixture or air into the cylinder, and made waste gas from air cylinder eduction, realization process. Valve-train valve type is used mostly top buy, general by valve-train valve group, the valve train group and valve actuation group formed. According to the engine is the work of the work order and the working process, timing open and closed inlet and exhaust, make mixture or air into
the cylinder, and made waste gas from air cylinder eduction, realization process. Valve-train valve type is used mostly top buy, general by valve-train valve group, the valve train group and valve actuation group formed.
(3) fuel supplying system of gasoline engine fuel supply according to the engine is the work of the request, makes a certain amount and concentration of the mixture into the cylinder, and for of the burned gases from will drain into the atmosphere cylinder; The function of diesel fuel supply department is to diesel and air for into the cylinder, respectively, formed in the combustion chamber, the mixture and burning of the burned gases emitted.
(4) the function of the lubrication system lubricating system to make the relative movement of workpiece surface cleaning lubricating oil conveying quantitative, in order to achieve liquid friction, reducing friction resistance, reduce the wear mechanism. And the parts surface cleaning and cooling. By lubricating oil lubrication system usually ways, oil pump, oil filter and some valve etc.
(5) cooling system of the function of the cooling is part of heat absorption of heated parts, ensure timely send out out in the most appropriate temperature engine under the state work. Watercooled engine cooling is usually consists of cooling water sets, water pump, fan, tanks, section WenQi etc.
(6) the ignition system in the cylinder engine, the mixture is to rely on an electric spark ignites, therefore in the cylinder head with fire engine, spark plug on head stretch into the combustion chamber. Can preignition on electric rods in between all the equipment called ignition department, ignition department usually consists of batteries, generators, distributor, ignition coil and spark plugs etc.
(7) starting system to make the engine from the static state transition into the work of the state, must use outside of the crankshaft, turning to the piston engine cylinder for reciprocating motion, the mixture burned to do work, promote the expansion of piston downward motion make crankshaft. The engine can operate, work cycle can automatically. Therefore, the crankshaft forces.it began to turn it into an engine start automatically idle operation process, called engine up. Complete the starting process required, called the engine starting device system. By the above two big institutions gasoline engine with five system composition, namely the crank rod system, valve-train, fuel supply department,
lubrication system, cooling system, ignition system and start the composition; By the above two big institutions diesel and four system composition, namely the crank rod system, valve-train, fuel supply department, lubrication system, cooling system and the composition,
diesel engine is starting out, do not need to pressure ignition system. consist of a crank rod system, the body and cylinder head, valve-train, energy supply systems, lubrication system, cooling system, starting device, etc. Cylinder is a cylindrical metal parts. Sealed cylinder is to achieve work cycle, produces the power usage. Each equipped with cylinder liner in the cylinder installed in the body, with its top the cylinder head closed. In cylinder piston and cylinder, reciprocating movement from the lower closed cylinder, thus forming the sealing capacity for regular changes in space. Fuel in this space, produce the combustion in the gas power piston sport. The pistons you the reciprocating motion of rotary motion, crankshaft again from fly at the motive power output. The piston group, connecting rod group, consisting of crankshaft and the flywheel crank rod system is the main part of the internal combustion engine transfer power. By the piston, piston group piston etc. The piston is equipped with rings, cylindrical, above the truth in the piston reciprocating movement. When airtight cylinder The above several road piston rings, used to closed called gas cylinder, prevent leakage of gas cylinder, the ring called oil rings, to be used in the walls of the cylinder scraping superfluous lubricant, prevent oil into the cylinder. The piston pin a cylindrical, wear it in the pin hole on the piston and rod assembly small head, will the piston and rod assembly joined up. This big-end end into two halves, by connecting link up with, it screw of crankshaft crank pin connected. When connecting rods work with the pistons, small head end for reciprocating motion, this big-end end with the crank pin rotates around the crankshaft axis motion, connecting the rod body between size head for complex swaying motion. The crankshaft is the role of the reciprocating movement of the piston converts rotational motion, and will expand to travel through the work done, installed in the crankshaft back-end on the flywheel delivered. The flywheel, driving the piston can be stored energy other travel to work, and make crankshaft evenly. In order to balance the inertial force and reduce internal combustion engine crankshaft vibration in the crank, still on the appropriate balance quality.
2. Internal combustion engine principle of work
The cylinder cover inlet and exhaust in ways, the intake and exhaust door installed
inside. Fresh filling quantity (i.e. air or air and fuel mixture) by the air filter, intake pipe, filling the inlet valve inlet and the cylinder. The expansion by exhaust gas, finally, row by exhaust silencer is vented to atmosphere. The intake and exhaust door open and shut by the
CAM on is the intake and exhaust CAM, through pretty column, push rod, rocker and valve spring etc transmission parts controlled, respectively this set of parts called internal combustion engine valve-train. Usually by air filter, intake pipe, tailpipes and exhaust muffler into exhaust system composed.
In order to the cylinder for fuel, internal combustion engines are equipped with injection system. The gasoline engine through the entrance of installed in the intake pipe air and gasoline in a certain proportion (air-fuel ratio) mix, then by intake by gasoline engine for into the cylinder, the electric spark ignition system control lit regularly. Diesel fuel injection spray by diesel engine is in the combustion chamber, burning itself under high temperature and pressure. The internal combustion engine cylinder piston and cylinder to fuel burning of cylinder head and valve parts, heated, temperatures. In order to guarantee the normal operation, the internal combustion engine parts must be in licensing temperatures, and not in overheating and damage, so must have cooling system.
Internal combustion engine can't stop running from state to state, and must own by external force cranking, make starting. This produces external device is called the starting device. Common have electric start-up, compressed air starter, such as engine starting and human starting way. Internal combustion engine work by intake, compression, circulating combustion and expansion, the exhaust of processes. These process only expansion process is foreign doing work process, and other process is to better achieve doing work process and need to process. According to achieve a work cycle trip number, work cycle can be divided into four stroke and two-stroke two kinds. Four stroke is to point to in intake, compression, power (inflation) and exhaust four finish a trip, during the work cycle crankshaft two laps. Intake stroke occurs when the inlet valve open, exhaust doors closed. Through the air filter air, or the carburetor blended with gasoline, formed by the inlet pipe mixture, into valve into the cylinder; Compression stroke, gas cylinders by compression, pressure, temperature rise; Inflation in compressed schedule is before BDC injection or ignition, make the mixture combustion, produce the high temperature and high pressure, drive the pistons downward and power; Exhaust stroke, the piston cylinder by pushing gas exhaust valve. Then again by
intake stroke, starting next working cycle.
Two-stroke refers to finish in two stroke during a work cycle, the crankshaft a whirl. First, when the pistons, into the next check point, vent all open, fresh filling quantity by