发布时间 : 星期四 文章大学英语四级语法精华版及部分模拟题更新完毕开始阅读d9c2689352d380eb63946d2c
二、非谓语动词 （一）不定式 1、形式 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式 主动形式 to do to have done to be doing to have been doing 被动形式 to be done to have been done 1） 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几
乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式. · I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).
(比较: I am glad to see you.)
He is said to have written a new book about workers. He pretended not to have seen me.
2） 进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要
用不定式的进行式.
· You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet.
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. He pretended to be listening attentively.
3） 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式. · The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.
We are happy to have been working with you.
4） 被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用
被动形式. · It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. She hated to be flattered.
He wanted the letter to be typed at once. This is bound to be found out. There are a lot of things to be done. She was too young to be assigned such work. 2、不定式的常考形式：
1）一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生
2）完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.
被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 3、不定式常考的考点：
1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的
3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 4、不定式的省略
1）感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调\我看见了\这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调动作） 2）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.
3）使役动词：have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I’d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. 4）help；help sb do；help sb to do；help do help to do 5、有些动词后只跟不定式如：
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect，allow sb. to do，cause sb. to do，permit sb. to do，enable sb. to do，force sb. to do，be more likely to do，love to do，warn sb. to do，be able to do，be ambitious to do，begin to do，start to do
6、有的时候to后面要接-ing形式
accustom (oneself) to，be accustomed to，face up to，in addition to，look forward to， object to， be reduced to， resign oneself to， be resigned to， resort to， sink to， be used to， be alternative to， be close/closeness to， be dedication/dedicated to， be opposition/opposed to， be similarity/similar to.
7、功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e). a. To scold her would not be just.
b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.
c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture. d. Do you have anything to declare? e. We have come to learn from you. 1）to 的不定式: · 在―动词+ 宾语+不定式‖结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示―致使‖意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to. John made her tell him everything. · 这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.
She was made to tell him everything. · 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to。如I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. They cannot but accept his term. · 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式. John let fly a torrent of abuse at me. · 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.
Can I help (to) lift this heavy box? · 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.
There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. Smith will do anything but work on a farm.
There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining. · 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.
Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up. · 出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.
He decided to write rather than telephone.
The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. · 用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由―all + 关系分句‖，―thing +关系分句‖，―what分句‖或―thing +不定式结构‖等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.
What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. The thing to do now is clear up this mess. 2） 不定式的其他用法
· too…to 结构通常表示否定意义:
She was too young to understand all that. · enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:
She was not old enough to understand all that. · not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:
He’s only too pleased to help her.
· so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:
Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.
3） 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语: · It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
It is a great honor for us to be present at this rally.
4）在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况: · It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
It’s very nice of you to be so considerate. It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal. （二）need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。
如：He needs (a lot of) encouraging.
（三）动名词：具有动作性特征的名词（是名词：seeing is
believing；具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary）
1、动名词的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. 2、动名词常考的点
1）动名词做主语谓语动词为单数
2）在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词
3）动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对）
I regret not having taken your advice. 4）有些词后只能接动名词
admit，appreciate，avoid，celebrate，consider，contemplate，defer，delay，deny，detest， discontinue，dislike，dispute，enjoy，it entails，escape，excuse，explain，fancy，feel like， finish，forgive，can't help，hinder，imagine，it involves，keep，it means，mention，mind， miss，it necessitates，pardon，postpone，practice，prevent，recall，report，resent，resist， risk，suggest，understand.另还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：it's no good，it's no/little/hardly any/ use，it's not/hardly/scarcely use，it's worthwhile，spend money/time，there's no，there's no point in，there's nothing worse than，what's the use/point. 5）有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 · remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) · forgot与remember的用法类似。
I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你…
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了\二十年前的离开\而遗憾。 · try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. · try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 · prefer的用法：
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） 3、分词：现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 1）现在分词的形式: · 一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) · 完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) · 完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect. (发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)
2）过去分词 · 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. · 过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) · 这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 （四）V．+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)
1、形式 1）完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完