发布时间 : 星期四 文章大学英语四级语法精华版及部分模拟题更新完毕开始阅读d9c2689352d380eb63946d2c
成形式.
· He didn’t mention having met me.
I regret not having taken her advice. · 在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前
发生的.
Excuse me for coming late.
I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere. · 现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy. · 另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.
The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.
The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.
2） 被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动
形式. · His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness. He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that. · 但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needs filling. The point deserves mentioning. · 在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.
Her method is worth trying. · 现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.
This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory. Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.
These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers. 3）完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method. · 但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘. · 现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.
Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?
The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.
All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home. 2、句法功用
1）作主语:Walking is good exercise. It’s nice talking to you.
2）作宾语:Your shoes need polishing. You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.
3）作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多. 它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有:
insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect…of, accuse…of, charge…with, hear of, approve of, prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.
4）作表语: The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.
· 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语. 一般说来, 在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词; 在表示具体某词动作, 特别是将来的动作时, 多用不定式.
5）作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语. The words immediately set us all laughing. Once we caught him dozing off in class. · 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语. 用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了.
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times. 6）作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要
动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting. I got home, feeling very tired.
· 现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema. · 现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起的从句:
Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together. · 如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分词这种结构.
Be careful when crossing the street.
When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us. She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.
7） 前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所
有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语. · Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Do you mind my reading your paper?
They insisted on my staying there for supper. · 如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有
格更自然.
I don’t mind him going.
She hates people losing their temper.
8） 只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practice, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss
9） 既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等. · 有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思. 在remember, regret, want, try等词后差别是比较明显的.
I remember seeing her once somewhere. I regret not having accepted your advice. I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help. We must try to get everything done in time.
10）悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态. · Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是we的动作, 正确)
Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正确) 三、分词
（一）意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完成意义; 而现在分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动词, 通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.
1、frozen food；a freezing wind；a bored traveler；a boring journey；a lost cause；a losing battle；a conquered army；a conquering army；a finished article；the last finishing touch；the spoken word ；a speaking bird；a closed shop；the closing hour；a recorded talk ；a recording machine
2、来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义, 不表示被动意义.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors.
3、用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义上相当于关系分句.
Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends. （二）句法作用
1、作定语: distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes 无名英雄, armed forces武装部队, canned
food罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken area灾区
· 分词还可构成合成词作定语: simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间, clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业, heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造卫星
2、 作补足语: 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有: 1）see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.
I saw the students assembled in the hall. We found her greatly changed. 2）make, get, have, keep等表示‖致使‖意义的动词:
I have my hair cut every ten days. She got her bad tooth pulled out. Please keep us informed of the latest developments.
3）like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义的动词: I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.
3、过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况. 1）Guided by these principles, they went on with the work,
Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.
2）过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.
Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds. 3）有时也可说明动作发生的时间, 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.
This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production. 4）间或也可表示一个假设的情况, 相当于一个条件从句.
Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.
5）偶尔也可用来代替一个―让步‖状语从句.
Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years. 4、独立结构
1）在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致. 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况. He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.
2）有时可以表示时间: Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute. 3）表示原因: Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter. 4）条件: All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. 四、虚拟语气
（一）情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/can't ? should/shouldn't ? might/may (not)
另外两个\类情态词的形式：\
1、 最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态）
2、本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。这时\虚拟语气\的产生往往是因为我们要表达\本来应该…\（而现在却还没有…）（本来可以…，本来能…）
I should go! (… but I'm still here!) (一般) I should be working now! (进行)
I should have practiced more (than I did)!(完成) 我应该多多练习！（言下之意，现在我练习得不多。） I shouldn't dream away my time too much!(完成的否定) (actually I did dream away my time too much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成进行) I may/might/could have finished! (完成)
3、一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should 常常被省略掉 · suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan； · demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide； · require, request； · think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他们的含义中包含\建议，假设，应该\这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）引起的从句还有其他的变形：主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。It's suggested that…；My suggestion is that…；The only suggestion that…；The only suggestion I can give you now is that…
4、一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况 important；necessary；essential It's natural；strange；incredible that a pity; a shame; no wonder
1） 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should 2） 表达与事实相反