发布时间 : 星期三 文章高中英语教师学科专业素养二级标准（试行） - 图文更新完毕开始阅读da8399e469eae009591bec36
2.与表―建议、命令或要求‖的动词相关的从句的虚拟表达法。
在英语中，表达建议、命令或要求的动词和他们的名词在句中出现，则相应的从句（宾语从句、 主语从句、同位语从句或表语从句）要用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语动词一定用\动词原形\。
The doctor suggested that she(should) stay in bed for a few days. (宾语从句) It is suggested that she( should) stay in bed for a few days. (主语从句) His suggestion was that she(should) stay in bed for a few days. (表语从句)
The doctor made the suggestion that she (should) stay in bed for a few days. (同位语从句)
常用动词:一个坚持(insist) ;两个命令( command， order) ;三个建议(suggest， advise， propose);五个要求(demand， desire， require， request， ask
它们的名词形式：insistence，requirement， proposal， asking， advice， suggestion等。根据insist，suggest的具体词义判定是否用虚拟语气。 3．错综时间条件句（混合虚拟语气）的用法。
当条件从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为\错综时间条件句\，动词的虚拟表达形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。如： If I were you， I would have gone to the theatre last night. If you had followed my advice just now， you would be better now. 4. 用介词、连词引出含蓄条件。
用介词with，without，but for或连词and, or，otherise，but等引出虚拟条件，使用虚拟语气。 He informed me of your birthday，or I would have known nothing about it. I was ill that day. Otherise，I would have taken part in the sports meet.
But for（Without）your help， we wouldn't have finished the work so soon. You could have done beter， but you didn't try your best.
Five minutes earlier and you could have met her at the station. With a litte more care you could have avoided this traffic accident. 六、时态与语态
学习时态与语态，要注意：
1.分析语境，挖掘关键词或隐含信息，根据具体语言环境确定时态。 例. Tom _____ here for years. Now he lives in London. A. lived B. has lived C has been living D. had lived
正确答案：A 本题容易受句中for years的干扰错选为B。学生往往认为：带有for短语作时间状语的句子，用完成时态。 2. 固定结构。如：
It is some time since sb. did sth.
It is the second time that have/has done
...was doing/was about to do sth. when …did sth hardly / scarcely had done when did sth no sooner had done than did sth
We had scarcely / hardly left the house when it began to rain. No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain. 表希望、想法、打算、意图的动词用过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的事。这样的动词有： think， want， plan， mean， intend， hope， expect， suppose等。如: I had meant to help her，but I was too busy.
I had thought that he died ten years ago.
例题：— I hear that you are living in the new developed zone.
—Yes. It is five years since I _____ downtown . A．have lived B．had lived C．lived D．was living 讲解：C 当since从句中动词为瞬间性动词，则时间从动作开始时算起，如：It is five years since he joined the army.他已经参军5年了；当since从句中动词为延续性动词，则时间从动作结束时开始算起。本题中，live为延续动词，全句译为―我听说你正在开发区住。‖―对，我有5年不在市中心住了。‖
3.几组易混时态。如：一般过去时与过去进行时、一般过去时与现在完成时、现在完成时与过去完成时、现在完成进行时与过去完成进行时的区别。 一般过去时：过去某时间点发生的动作、存在的状态。 He suddenly fell ill in the class this morning.
过去某段时间内经常发生的动作、存在的状态。 He rang to you 4 times when you were out . 说话人始料未及的事情。 I didn’t know it was you.
I never thought you would bring me a gift. (强调过去的事实，动作已经完成)
—Have you read a book Waiting for Anya? --Who wrote it? 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻或时段正在进行的动作及状态。 What were you doing when Tom telephoned you? —You didn’t turn up at the meeting yesterday.
—I _______ for a long-distance call from my mother in Paris. A.waited B.was waiting C.am waiting D.had waited
正确答案：B 本题容易错选为A。
现在完成时：强调过去动作对现在的影响或结果。 I read the book last year.(去年读)
I’ve read the book before.（已了解书的内容）
过去完成时：强调在过去某一时刻或动作前已经完成的动作。―过去的过去‖ I had been there more than a week when I set to work with the scientist. 现在完成进行时：动作从过去开始，一直持续到现在，现在动作仍在进行中，有可能还要延续。 He has been writing the novel recently. I don’t know when he will finish it. 例题：--I have got a headache.
--No wonder. You _____ in front of that computer too long.
A. work B.are working C.have been working D.worked 答案：C
过去完成进行时：过去某时间以前一直在进行的动作。
This morning he received the letter he had been looking forward to. ４．用主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况：
1)表示主语的一般性质和特征的动词。如：tear,cut,write,sell,wash等。 The coat washes well.
2)need/want/require 作―需要‖讲 The house needs repairing.
3)不定式在某些形容词（difficult,easy,hard,heavy,light等）后作状语且与句子主语构成动宾关系时。
The man is easy to get along with.
4）不定式作名词的后置定语，与被修饰的名词形成动宾关系，且句中的另外一名词或代词与不定式动作形成逻辑上的主谓关系。 I have a meeting to attend.
５.被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态表动作，句中主语为动作的对象，且可加by短语。
系表结构表示主语的特点、状态。其中过去分词已经形容词化，后多有固定的介词搭配。 The door is shut now.
The door was shut by an old man just now.
属于系表结构的短语：be covered/filled/crowded with…,be prepared for, be determined ,be seated 等。 七、非谓语动词
学习非谓语动词，需注意：
1．固定搭配的用法。有些动词和词组只接动词的ing形式作宾语。 如：appreciate， avoid， consider（思考，想）， enjoy， excuse， finish，imagine，practise， give up， put off， set about， be worh，look forard to，devote oneself to， feel like等。如: I really enjoy doing that kind of work. I can't understand his giving up such a well-paid job.
有些动词和词组既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语（意义上有区别）。如：try，mean ，go on ，can’t help ，stop ，remember，forget，regret等。
有些动词只接不定式作宾语。如: agree; pretend; beg; decide; expect; fail; happen; hope; intend; manage; afford; offer; plan; promise; refuse; wish; desire; choose; determine; demand; attempt; want; claim; manage; aim; appear; care; come; prepare; hesitate; seem; learn; long; tend等.
有些动词只接不定式作宾语。如:: allow; permit; arange; want; ask; cause; encourage; inspire; force; invite; order; warn; tell; consider (认为); require; advise; teach; urge; wish; expect; think; believe; prove等。
2.不定式作目的状语和结果状语的不同。如：
He got up early to catch the first bus,only to find it had gone. 不定式to catch the first bus作目的状语，不定式only to find it had gone作结果状语，不定式作结果状语,常与only ，never连用，表示出乎意料的结果和令人失望的情绪。 3.如何断定非谓语动词的形式
根据非谓语动词的动作与主句动作发生时间的先后，断定非谓语动词的形式。若非谓语动词的动作与主句动作同时发生或晚于主句动作发生，用to do sth.；to be doing; doing。如： He was busy writing a story, only stopping once in a while to smoke a cigarette. Having writen the letter，he went to post it.
The problem to be discussed this afteroon is important.
Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.
若非谓语动词的动作先于主句动作发生，用to have done; having done She was praised for having helped the old man.
Yu Dan’s books are said to have been translated into several languages.
根据非谓语动词的动作与逻辑主语的关系，断定非谓语动词的形式。
当非谓语动词的逻辑主语与非谓语动词的动作为主动关系时，用现在分词或不定式、动名词的主动式;当非谓语动词的动作与非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动宾关系时，用不定式、动名词的被动式或过去分词。如：
He sent me an E-mail，hoping to get furher information. The teacher answered all the questions raised by the students. He left home in 1990, never to be heard from. Having been translated into Chinese，the book is widely read among young people.