发布时间 : 星期四 文章高中英语教师学科专业素养二级标准（试行） - 图文更新完毕开始阅读da8399e469eae009591bec36
4.独立主格结构
如果作状语的分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，即构成独立主格结构。这种结构可以做时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状语。如:
Mr Cook being away from home，his wife has to do all the housework. (原因状语) Work done，they went out to play football. (时间状语)
More time given，the work can be done much beter (条件状语)
The tourists visited many scenic spots in Beijing， the guide acting as interpreter. (方式状语)
The students rushed out of the cassroom， each carrying a number of new books under his arm. (伴随状语)
There being no buses， we had to walk back home. (原因状语) 5.分词或分词短语作状语
分词或分词短语作状语时，表示时间、原因、结果、 条件、让步、方式、伴随等。如: Not knowing anything about the accident，he went to work as usual. (原因) The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.(伴随) The cup dropped to the ground，breaking into pieces. (结果) Excited and happy，he came running in. (方式或伴随)
6.感官动词和使役动词have后面的三种宾补形式。即不带to 的动词不定式，现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成。如: I heard her sing an English song just now.
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. I heard the English song sung many times.
注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如: I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.(状态) I was surrised to find my hometown changed so much.(完成)
7.当表示人的内心情感的词修饰expression， look， face， smile， voice时，应根据上下文的含义，来确定用现在分词还是过去分词。如： an exciting voice令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice兴奋的声音 a puzzling look令人迷惑的表情 a puzzled look困惑的表情
The frightened child began to cry after he saw a frightening film. 看了一场可怕的电影后那个受到惊吓的孩子开始哭了起来。
The excited crowd rushed into the president's office and interested passers-by soon gathered around the building.
激动的人群冲进总统办公室，感兴趣的过路人不久便把大楼围得水泄不通。 8. 分词的形容词化
He found Alice ____ at the piano with her hands arrested on the keys. A. having seated B. seated C. being seated D. seating
分词的形容词化, 主要集中在过去分词。在通常情况下，当过去分词作状语、表语、定语及补语时，分词与其逻辑主语之间在语态上已不再体现被动含义，而只表示主语存在的某种状态。说明逻辑主语的特征和状态。
常见的形容词化的分词有：located (位于)， dressed (表示衣着情况)， lost(消失、陷入、迷路等)， faced with(面对)， seated(坐着的)， born(出生的)， pleased(高兴 的)， delighted(快乐的)， tired(疲劳、厌烦的)， confused (迷惑的)， amazed (惊奇的)， excited (激动的)， devoted(热爱、忠实的、专心致志 于、献身于)， interested(感兴趣的)， bored(烦 恼的)， annoyed(厌烦的)， upset(心烦意乱的)， impressed(铭记在心的、感人的)， satisfied(满 意的)， worried (担心的)， surprised (惊讶的)， embarassed (尴尬的、难为情的)， amused(高兴、开心的)， depressed (抑郁的)， astonished (惊异的、吃惊的)， frightened(惊吓、害怕的)，relaxed(放松的)等. 例如:
Faced with so much trouble，we failed to complete the task on tme. Dressed in a white uniform，he looks more like a cook than a doctor 八、名词性从句
使用名词性从句时的注意事项: 1.宾语从句的否定转移
在think，believe，imagine，suppose等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: We don't think you are here. I don't believe he will do so.
注意：这类句子后若带有附加疑问句，应采用肯定形式来反问，反问部分主语应与从句主语一致。例如：I don't believe she knows it，does she? 2.that,whether和if的用法。
that 引导名词性从句，往往表示一个statement 或fact。 whether和if往往表示疑问意义。 用Whether，if, that填空。
①I doubt ____ he will come and help us tomorrow.
②_____ we will attend the lecture has not been decided. ③It's still uncertain ____ he is coming.
④The problom is _____ he will be here tomorrow.
⑤We don't doubt ____ they can complete the task ahead of time. 答案：whether/if; Whether; whether/if; whether ; that 讲解：考查whether，if引导名词从句的异同。
①引导宾语从句可以通用，但介词后只用whether。
②引导主语从句时，if不能用于句首。但若it作形式主语时，whether和if均可引导主语从句。 ③引导同位语和表语从句只能使用whether。
④Sb. doubt / be not sure / be uncerain / be doubtful whether/if… sb. doesn't doubt / be sure / be certain / be not doubtul that 3. that、 what与which的区别
that在引导名词性从句时，只起连接作用，不充当任何成分,没有任何意义，但不能省略。
what在引导名词性从句时，既起连接作用，又在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语，有实际意义，表示\所做的事\、\所说的话\等; what引导的名词从句可与带定语从句的名词短语相互替换。 例题中的what = the thing that/which或all that
which在引导名词性从句时，也作成分，也有实际意义，但表选择。 如: He told me what he had seen in his hometown.
That he had spoken about his hometown in his speech made us interested. Here are 5 books. Can you tell me which you would like to buy? 4. reason作主语时，后面的表语从句用that引导。
The reason for his being late for the meeting was that his wife was ill. The reason why he was late for the meeting was that his wife was ill. ----Why was he late? --Because his wife was ill.
5. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
同位语从句通常位于某些抽象名词后面，如：advice， demand， doubt， fact， hope， idea， information， message， news， order， problem， promise， question， request， suggestion， truth， wish， word等，进一步说明该名词的具体内容。that不做成分，不省略。而that作为关系代词，引导定语从句时，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略。例如： The news that he told us is exciting.
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
6. wh- 引起的名词性从句与 wh-ever引起的名词性从句的区别
Who/what/which引导名词性从句， 表―未知的人和事物‖，有疑问意义。
Whoever/whatever/whichever引导名词性从句，表―凡是，任何，全部‖，没有疑问意义；引导状语从句，等于no matter who/what/which…(无论谁/是什么/哪一个) Whoever comes will be welcomed.
Who will be invited hasn’t been decided.
应用： whoever(whatever)=no matter who(what)？ 1. I’ll be your true friends, _____ happens. A. whatever B. no matter what
2. ______ I see him, he is busy with his research work. A. Whenever B. No matter when
3. He liked reading very much. ____ he went, he took a book with him. A. wherever B. no matter where
4. _______ difficult the problem may be, I’ll work it out by myself. However B. No matter how
5. I won’t let you in, ______ you may be. A. whoever B. no matter who
6. ______ leaves the room last should remember to turn off the light. A. Whoever B. No matter who
7. I’m too busy to buy you a present, so you can use the money I give you to buy ____ you like. A. whatever B. no matter what
8. I’ll give the ticket to _______ really wants to see the film. A. whoever B. whomever C. no matter who （1—5 AB全对；6—8 A对。） 九、状语从句
学习状语从句，应注意： 1.近义连词辨析
如：because, for, since,now that和as because强调原因； 回答why提出的问题时；能用于强调句型中； because之前可以加上simply， only， just等强调词；不能与so并存。 如:
It was because he was ill that he didn't go with us. You should't get angry just because some people speak ill of you. for是并列连词，它引导的句子只能后置。
It must have rained last night， for the ground is wet this moring. since和as引导的句子，重点在主句的内容，其原因或理由在说话人看来已很明显， 或已为听话人所熟悉，since和as, now that只是一种附带的说明原因，不是对原因进行强调，意思是\既然; 鉴于\。如:
Since/now that he can't answer the question， you may ask someone else.