发布时间 : 星期一 文章2010年4月湖南自考国际商务英语复习资料更新完毕开始阅读dce86cd850e2524de5187efc
一个销售人员应当相信他的产品在竞争能力中具有某种优势。一个顾客则需要相信他要买的东西是有好的价值和高品质的。在生意中，没有一个人会将他公司的钱花在他们并不真正需要的东西上。（不像顾客，他们有时会被说服而购买一些毛皮大衣和包金手表这样的“无用”产品！）
In the postwar period MNCs have acquired a global pres-ence. As one statistic indicates, for most of the postwar period stocks and flows of FDI have grown faster than world income, and sometimes trade, particularly during the 1960s and since the mid-1980s. Stock measures in particular are subject to margins of error because of the difficulties with estimating their growth. Even so, it is indisputable that multinationals have become major players in the world economy: apart from the 1970s and early 1980s, the turnover of the largest 500 companies has grown faster than world output. MNCs now account for the majority of the world’s exports, while sales of foreign affiliates exceed total global exports. Furthermore, as MNCs have grown ,there has been a significant Tran nationalization of production expressed in the emergence of global production and distribution networks.
在战后，多国公司获得了全球性的发展。正如一项数据统计所显示的，在战后相当的一段时间内，特别是在60年代至80年代中期，证券和外国直接投资数量按世界收入增长要快，有时甚至要快于贸易增长的数量。但需指出的是，因为在计算证券投资增长量存在困难，它的数字会存在误差。尽管如此，毋庸置疑，多国公司已经成为世界经济中的主要玩家。若抛开70年代和80年代早期的话，500家大公司的产值增长速度远超过世界的总产值增长速度。多国公司目前的出口占据了世界出口的大多数，其在海外的分支机构的销售额超过了世界出口总额。而且，随着多国公司的壮大，已经形成了一个全球性的生产和分销网络生产多国化的明显趋势。
Economists’ argument for free trade is that opening up markets to foreign suppliers increases
competition. Without free trade, domestic companies may have enjoyed monopoles or oligopolies(求大于供的市场情况)that enabled them to keep prices well above marginal costs. Trade liberalization will undermine that market power. Competition should also spur domestic companies to greater efficiency because they will not be able to costs of slackness in higher prices.
In addition, free trade means that firms are no longer limited by the size of their home country, but can sell into bigger markets. In industries where average production costs fall as output increases, producing economies of scale, this means lower costs and prices. In such industries, trade also increases the variety of products on offer.
经济学家关于自由贸易的争论是向外国供应商开放市场可以提高竞争。没有自由贸易，国内公司就会凭借垄断或求大于供的市场情况将价格控制在大大高于边际成本的水平上。贸易自由化会动摇这种市场力量。
竞争同时也会刺激国内公司提高效率，因为他们难以将效率造成的成本转嫁到高价格上。
此外，自由贸易意味着公司不再受国内市场的规模限制，而是可以走向更大的市场。当企业的产出增加，平均生产成本下降出现规模经济时，也就意味着低成本低价位的出现。在这样的企业，贸易同时也扩大了产品供应的种类。
Non-tariff barriers include standards to protect health, safety, and product quality. The standards are sometimes used in an unduly stringent or discriminating way in order to restrict trade, but the sheer volume of regulations in this category is a problem in itself. Fruit content regulations for jam way vary so much from country to country that one agricultural specialist says,“A jam exporter needs a computer to avoid one or another country’s regulations.” Plant and animal quarantine(检疫)regulations serve an important function, but often are used solely to keep out foreign products. Al-though all countries use standards to some extent, Japan has raised the process to the level of art(技术).Differing standards is one major disagreement between the United States and Japan. American companies are often confronted by