发布时间 : 星期一 文章交通运输专业 毕业论文 外文翻译中英文对照更新完毕开始阅读ddf37a5da36925c52cc58bd63186bceb19e8ed3c
关系，对周边地区和弱势人口群体的拥塞定价的影响。但是，在运输方面环境权益的问题已经很少提及。运输产生的直接影响很多，如大气排放和噪音，也间接影响通过对污染设施的位置和影响的人的影响，。
环境公平是指环境质量的社会分配（特别是二氧化氮分布）。这是平等地获得一个干净的环境和对环境可能造成的危害，不论收入，阶级或其他鉴别特征的社会经济地位受到平等保护。交通规划者应该指出，减少拥堵水平和行程速度对整个设施的增加将有利于公共交通的使用者。
从环境公平的角度来看，交通拥堵收费的成效是敏感的社会经济特征的空间分布，因此最佳的方案设计的每个应用程序都会有所不同。可以看出，社会公正是最难解决得，实践表明，税收在道路定价中起着至关重要的作用。如果税收是回收投资，允许对公共交通工具的投资，或维持更高的服务水平，它有助于提供一个明确的选择，这既加强了模式的选择上的影响，并减少那些谁负责征收的关注。如果是用于改善道路基础设施，它可以看出，交通改道在控制区的优势体现。如果它是用来支付环境的改善，这将有助于加大道路收费。如何使用税收，改善城市交通系统的效率，在可持续发展中发挥了关键作用。 五、结论
随着持续增长的交通需求和道路基础设施的扩展范围减少，交通拥堵的现象是不会减少。作为一项重要的战略，拥挤收费是解决交通需求管理问题的重要途径，但因为经济发展，环境保护和社会正义的不确定影响，仍收到了强烈的社会和政治的反对。
本文回顾了交通拥堵收费和可持续交通运输系统的三个目标之间的关系，结果表明，交通拥堵收费是一种很有前途的交通管理策略，它可以促进城市经济发展，改善环境质量，减少不公平。电子不停车收费系统（ETC）技术的最新进展证明了交通拥堵收费技术上是可行的。可以预见的，未来几十年将看到越来越多的地方实施交通拥堵收费策略或将要实施交通拥堵收费的策略。交通拥堵收费的设计和评价，将需要一个可持续的发展，需要更深入的了解它带来的直接和间接影响。 鸣谢
这项工作是支持（2007F3078）福建省青年人才项目。期待有益的意见和建议，以改善本文。
附件2：外文原文
Congestion Pricing and Sustainable Development of Urban
Transportation system
Abstract
The rapid growth in urbanization and motorization generally contributes to an urban transportation system that is economically, environmentally and socially unsustainable. The result has been a relentless increase in traffic congestion. Road congestion pricing has been proposed many times as an economic measure to fight congestion in urban traffic, but has not seen widespread use in practice because of Some potential impacts of road pricing remain unknown. he paper first reviews the concept of sustainable transportation system, which should meet the goals of economic development, environmental protection and social justice collectively. And then, based on the characteristics of sustainable transportation system, how congestion pricing can contribute to economic growth, environmental protection and social justice is examined. Examination result shows that congestion pricing is a powerful way to promote the sustainable development of urban transportation system. 1、 Introduction
Urban transportation is a pressing concern in mega cities around the world. Along with China’s rapid development of urbanization and motorization, traffic jams has become a more and more serious problem, resulting in greater time delay, increase of energy consumption and air pollution, decrease of reliability of road network. In many cities traffic congestion is seen as a hindrance to economic development. Numerous methods can be used to address congestion and reduce transport density, including building new infrastructure, improving maintenance and operation of infrastructure, and using the existing infrastructure more efficiently through demand management strategies, including pricing mechanisms.
Congestion pricing has long been proposed as an effective measure to combat traffic congestion. The principle objective of congestion pricing is to alleviate congestion by implementing surcharge for the use selected congested facilities during peak time periods. By shifting some trips to off-peak periods, to routes away from congested facilities, or to higher-occupancy vehicles, or by discouraging some trips altogether, congestion pricing schemes would result in savings in time and operating costs, improvements in air quality, reductions in energy consumption and improvements in transit productivity. There are lots of successful applications in some countries and regions in the rest of the world. Following Singapore in the early 1970s and Norwegian toll rings in the mid-1980s, the city of London introduced its area toll in February 2003; up till now, it is the most well-known example of a large metropolitan area that has implemented congestion pricing.
However, congestion pricing has not seen widespread use in practice due to theoretical and political reasons. Some potential impacts of road pricing remain unknown, and the sustainability of congestion pricing for urban development requires further study. Sustainability is normally taken as basic objectives in the assessment of transportation policy. The idea of sustainable transportation emerges from the concept of sustainable development in the transport sector and can be defined as follows，“sustainable transportation infrastructure and travel policies that serve multiple goals of economic development, environment stewardship and social equity, have the objective to optimize the use of transportation systems to achieve economic and related social and environment goals, without sacrificing the ability of future generations to achieve the same goals”. Sustainable transportation systems require a dynamic balance between the main pillars of sustainable development, economic development, environmental protection and social justice for current and future generations.
In the context of sustainable transport systems, how congestion pricing can contribute to economic growth, environmental protection and social justice is examined in this paper. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In section 2, the impacts of congestion pricing on economic development are described. Section 3 presents the contribution to environment protection, and the relationship between social justice and
congestion pricing is analyzed. Some conclusions are given in section 5. 2. Economic development
Traffic congestion, resulting in the increase of travel time, traffic accident, energy consumption and environment deterioration, has produced numerous economic losses. It was reported that economic loss caused by traffic congestion amounted to 40 million Yuan per year in Beijing and 1/3 of GDP in Shanghai in 2003 In many cites, traffic congestion has seen as a hindrance to economic development.
Any sustainable transportation management polices should meet the goals of improving the effects of transport on economic development, and without adversely impacting the environment and the potential for further economic
growth.
How
effective would congestion pricing strategy be in reducing congestion, lowering pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions, cutting fuel use, and reducing other adverse impacts of current transportation system?
The basic economic principles of congestion pricing can be illustrated in Figure 1. Theoretically, individual users decide whether or not to use a particular road by weighing the costs they will to bear against the benefits to themselves. Total social benefits can be measure by the area under D in Figure 1. The user costs indicated on the MPC curve reflect only the costs borne by each user as new users (i.e. “marginal” users) are added. However, the marginal user occasions additional social costs, such as air pollution and delay to other users, which he does not bear. The total costs borne by each marginal user and the social costs occasioned by him are the marginal social costs of each trip. Marginal social costs are indicated by the MSC curve in figure 1.