发布时间 : 星期五 文章专业四级语法与词汇辅导 -更新完毕开始阅读e3eedceee009581b6bd9ebab
Rich, fertile, quick, productive
句子成分分析：读一篇文章，弄清楚其中不懂得句子结构 Week 2
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从句及相关练习
1．定语从句：关系代词引导的定语从句，关系副词引导的定语从句，as 引导的定语从句，关系代词but和than 引导的定语从句。
A. 关系代词引导的定语从句：
1）who 和whom：两者都指人，前者是主格，在从句中作主语；后者是宾格，在从句中作宾语。紧接在介词后，只能用whom, 若介词出现在末尾，两者都可以用。 e.g.
These are the students who I’m talking to.
These are the students whom I’m talking to.
These are the students to whom I’m talking. (formal)
2）关系代词whose是所有格，在定语从句中作定语，多指人，也可以指物，指物时，与of which 可以互换：
e.g. Above the trees are the hills, _______ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.
树丛之上是巍峨的群山，倒映在水面上清晰可见。
The old couple are living in the villa whose front door faces south.
3）关系代词which多指物，在定语从句中作主语或者宾语，作宾语时可以省略。Which 除了指物以外，也可以指婴儿、动物和表示单数意义的集合名词等。
e.g.
The baby which was adopted by an American couple just now had been abandoned. The audience which is composed of students and teachers is very large.
4）关系代词that在定语从句中代替人或者物，作主语、宾语或表语，作表语或宾语时可以省略。下列情况下多用that：
当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, none, few 等不定代词时； e.g.
He told me something that has been written in one of his books.
To tell you the truth, in your speech you said little that really made sense. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；
e.g.
He is the most capable one that has been the head of this village. 当先行词被no, very, some, every, only, any, much 等限定词修饰时； e.g.
He is the very man that meets the qualities of a perfect man: capable, responsible, honest, warm-hearted, and creative.
I have no friends that wouldn’t help me.
当并列的两个先行词分别是人和物时。
e.g. The train was very crowded: the passengers and the parcels that filled the train are mixed.
B. 关系副词引导的定语从句：
When, where, why分别在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语.
e.g.
Gone for ever are the days _________ many Chinese people went hungry.
I still remember several scenes of my dreams ______ I had experienced similar feelings. Could you tell me the reason _______ French didn’t replace English as a result of the Norman invasion upon Britain. C. as 引导的定语从句
as 引导的非限定性定语从句与which引导的非限定性定语从句的区别在于：as 引导的从句的位置比较灵活，前、中、后皆可；而which引导的从句的位置只能在主句后。 e.g.:
The beauty salon was very crowded that day, as (which) is usual at the weekend. As is usual at the weekend, the beauty salon was very crowded. As 与so, the same, as, such 连用，引导定语从句： e.g.
I have never seen such capable people as him, our new boss.
The same…as 和the same …that 的区别在于主从句中的内容是同一个还是同一类。 e.g.
This is the same umbrella that I lost last week. This is the same umbrella as I lost last week. D．关系代词but和than 引导的定语从句
There ought to be less anxiety over the coming exam than ________ in the students’ mind now. (exist) 2．名词性从句：（主语从句，宾语从句）：that 和wh-名词性从句的区别，doubt和doubtful 后的宾语从句，关于that。
A. that 在从句中只起到引导作用，在从句中不做任何成分，但wh-在名词性从句中既起到引导作用，又作从句的句子成分（whether除外）。 e.g.
It’s well known that the moon moves round the earth. I don’t know whatever moves round the earth.
They claimed that they can handle whatever _______ . A. that needs handling B. which needs handling C. it needs handling D. needs handling.
B. doubt 和doubtful 后的宾语从句
如果主句为肯定，宾语从句的连接词通常为whether 或if；在否定句或疑问句中，宾语从句连接词为that. e.g.
There is no doubt _______ you have made the right decision.
I doubt _______ you had thought carefully before you made the final decision? C. 关于that的一些固定用法
in that, save that （除了……）, but that (要不是……), except that, besides that I’m well save that I have a cold.
I wouldn’t have seen you but that they had sent me for a meeting here.
3．状语从句：让步状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，条件状语从句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句，目的状语从句。
A. 让步状语从句
步状语从句由下列连词或结构引导： though/ although even if/even though, however( no matter how), whatever, no matter(how, what, when where), whether (--or) ,
granted that, for all that, in spite of the fact that, regardless of the fact that, etc. 2) while 引导的状语从句只能放在主句前，功能相当于although, though. 1)_____ dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive. A Although B Whatever C As D However
2)____ I sympathize, I can’t really do every much to help him out of the difficulties. A as long as B As C While D Even
3) Fool ______ Jerry is, he could not have done such a thing. A who B as C like D that 让步状语从句的倒装
_________he wanted to go out with his friends at the week ends, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment.
A Much though B Much as C As much D Though much 1) Though 和as 引导的状语从句的区别： 前者可倒装或不倒装，而后者必须倒装。 e.g.
Teacher as he is, he is not saint. Teacher though he is, … Though he is a teacher, …
________ I like figures, I like words better.
A. As much as B. So much C. How much D. Much as e.g.
While I sympathize, I can’t really do very much to help them out.
While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available.
While can be used to contrast 2 things: While Tome is very good at science, his brother is absolutely hopeless.
3) for all that (尽管如此)，in spite of the fact that, regardless of the fact that
For all that you have an enviable diploma, you may be defeated by those who don’t; they win with experience. B. 原因状语从句
1）because, since, as 表示因果关系语气较强，而且在强调句式中，只能用because: It was because he was late that he wasn’t allowed to take the exam. For 只对前面的分句进行解释，只能后置：
It must be dawn now, for I can see through the window.
The power must be off now, for they are reading with a candle one.
2) 用来引导原因状语从句的短语：seeing that, considering that, in that, not that…but that, by reason that for fear that, for the reason that, on the ground that He had an advantage over his opponent ______ he could speak two languages. A. in that B. so that C. at that D. since that
Men differ from animals ______ they can think and speak. A for which B for that C in that D in which C. 结果状语从句
1）so … that, such +名词引导结果状语，so 或such 位于句首时，主句倒装： So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. Such a friendly man is he that he even helps strangers. 2) so much so that 的固定用法 -Does Jack like fried chicken?
-Absolutely. So much _______ that he eats it almost every other day. A. for B. as C. to D. so
3) to such a degree that, to such an extent that, with the result that… 等固定用法。 She likes Beijing Opera to such a degree that she wouldn’t give it up for anything. D. 条件状语从句
常用来引导条件状语从句的连词有：if, unless, as long as, on condition that, suppose/supposing that, provided/providing that, granted/granting (that), given (that), in the event that 等。
1) Only if 和if only 的区别：
Only if (只要……) 引导真实条件句，放在句首主句倒装： Only if you work hard in the right way, will you succeed. If only 引导虚拟语气，也可以表示感叹。
If only I were you: talented, handsome and successful.
If only = I wish 后面的谓语动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望， 用would/could do 表示对将来期望。
1) 表示与现在相反的愿望： wish/ if only +主语+动词过去时
2) 表示与过去相反的愿望：wish/ if only +主语+过去分词；would/could+ have +过去分词 表示与将来相反的愿望：wish/ if only +主语+ would/could/might +动词原形
If only the patient ___ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.
A had received B received C should receive D were receiving
___________both sides accept the agreement _____ a lasting peace be established in this region. A Only if, will B If only, would ＣShould, will D Unless, would
This is an illness that can result in total loss of memory ______ left untreated. A. since B. if C. after D. though E. 时间状语从句
1) when, while and as
when 可以表示一时的动作或状态，或与主句动作一起发生，或先于主句动作发生，后面可跟一般的时态或者进行时；while 表示与主句动作一起发生，且延续时间较长；as 也用来引导与主句动作同时发生的从句，但延续时间较短。
While (when) I was speaking at the meeting, a voice from the back of the meeting room distracted me.
Please call me at any time when you come here, and I will show you around our city. As I was getting on the bus, I was stepped on the right foot.
另外，when 引导一个从句放在主句后面，表示“突然，正在这时”，while 引导一个从句放在主句之后，表示“而”，相互对比。 e.g.
I was about to leave for the market when I heard a knock on the door.