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像空气、水或金属之类的东西都是物质。(1ike是介词,作“像”讲)

(3) We study mechanics,electronics and the like.

我们学习机械学、电子学等等。(1ike是名词,作“等等”讲)

(4) I hope I can use the computer like you do. 我希望我使用计算机像你一样。(like是连接词,作“如同”讲)

(5) Do you like this color TV set?

你喜欢这台彩电吗? (1ike是动词,作“喜欢”讲)

2.同词类不同词义

下面三个句子中,1ight均为形容词,但词义各不相同。

(1) The instrument is very light.

这台仪器很轻。(light作“轻的”讲) (2) The cover of the meter is light blue.

这个仪表盖是浅蓝色的。(1ight作“浅的”讲)

(3) The lamp is very light.

这盏灯是很明亮的。(1ight作“明亮的”讲)

3.根据名词的单、复数选择词义

英语中有些名词的单数或复数所表示的词义完全不同。例如:

名词 单数词义 复数词义 facility 简易,灵巧 设施,工具 charge 负荷,电荷 费用 spirit 精神 酒精

work 功,工作 著作,工厂,工程

三、词的搭配

英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,它们的词汇各有其搭配规律,在翻译时如果不分具体场合机械地复制原文里词的搭配,孤立地译出每个词的字面意义,往往会破坏译文语言的规范,得不出正确的译文。因此有时必须根据原文的上下文,按逻辑关系和译文语言习惯,适当地调整原文的字面意义,换用另一些词来表达。

1.动词与名词的搭配

以动词move为例。其基本意思是“运动”,但在

不同的句子里与不同的名词搭配,译法也就不同

了。如:

(1) The earth moves round the sun. 地球绕太阳旋转。

(2) Heat moves from a hotter to a colder body. 热量从温度较高的物体传到温度较低的物体上。

(3) Move M to other work. 调M去做别的工作。 (4) The work moves slowly. 工作进展缓慢。 2.副词与动词的搭配 以副词successfully为例。

(1) Spot-welding has already been used successfully in welding fuel tanks. 点焊已经成功地用来焊接油箱。 (2) The task was finished successfully. 圆满地完成了任务。

(3) Our production plan has been successfully carried out.

我们的生产计划已顺利执行了。 3,形容词与名词的搭配 以形容词thick为例。

(1) The book is 8 inches thick. 这本书有8英寸厚。

(2) He drew a thick line on the paper. 他在纸上划了一条粗线。

(3) Thick liquids pour much slowly than thin liquids.

灌稠的液体比灌稀的液体慢得多。 (4) The conditions are too thick. 条件太过分了。 四、词的引申:

英汉两种语言在表达上差别很大。翻译时,有些词或词组无法直接搬用辞典中的释义,若勉强按辞典中的释义,逐词死译,会使译文生硬晦涩,很难看懂,甚至会造成误解。所以,要在弄清原文词义的基础上,根据上下文的逻辑关系和汉语的搭配习惯,对词义加以引申。若遇到有关专业方面的内容,必须选用专业方面的常用语。引申后的词义虽然同辞典中的释义稍有不同,但却能更确切地表达原文意义。例如:

(1) There is no physical contact between tool and 5

workpiece.

欠佳译法:在工具和工件之间没有有形的接触。

引申译法:工具和工件不直接接触。

(2) Public opinion is demanding more and more urgently that something must be done about noise. 欠佳译法:公众舆论越来越强烈地要求为消除噪音做某些事情。

引申译法:公众舆论越来越强烈地要求管一管噪声问题。

(3) There is a wide area of performance duplication between numerical control and automatics.

欠佳译法:在数控和自动化机床之间,有一个性能重复的广阔地带。

引申译法:数控和自动化机床有很多相同的性能。

(4) High-speed grinding does not know this disadvantage.

欠佳译法:高速磨床不知道这个缺点。 引申译法:高速磨床不存在这个缺点。

(5) You found that, in two experiments, hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness. 欠佳译法:在有过两次经验之后,你发现苹果中的硬与青是和酸同行的。

引申译法:在有过两次经验之后,你发现凡是又硬又青的苹果总是酸的。 五、词性转译

在英译汉过程中,有些句子由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,不能逐词对译。原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词性,才能使译文通顺自然。词性转译大体有以下几种情况。

1.英语动词、形容词、副词译成汉语名词

(1) Gases differ from solids in that the former has greater compressibility than the latter.

气体和固体的区别在于气体的可压缩性比固体大。

(2) The instrument is characterized by its compactness and portability.

这个仪器的特点是结构紧凑、携带方便。

(3) The cutting tools must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant.

刀具必须有足够的强度、韧性、硬度,而且耐磨。

(4) Dynamics is divided into statics and kinematics, the former treating of forces in equilibrium, the latter of the relation of force to motion.

力学分为静力学和动力学:前者研究平衡力,后者研究力和运动的关系。

(5) The image must be dimensionally correct. 图形的尺寸必须正确。

2.英语名词、介词、形容词、副词译成汉语动词

(1) The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labour productivity.

使用电子计算机可以大大提高劳动生产率。

(2) In any machine input work equals output work plus work done against friction.

任何机器的输入功,都等于输出功加上克服摩擦所做的功。

(3) Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.

科学家们深信一切物质是不灭的。 (4) Open the valve to let air in. 打开阀门,让空气进入。

3.英语的名词、副词和动词浑成汉语形容词

(1) The maiden voyage of the newly-built steamship was a success. 那艘新造轮船的处女航是成功的。

(2) It is a fact that no structural material is perfectly elastic. 事实上没有一种结构材料是十全十美的弹性体。

(3) They said that such knowledge is needed before they can develop a successful early warming system for earthquakes.

他们说,这种知识对他们要发明一种有效的地震早期警报器是必要的。

4.英语形容词、名词译成汉语副词

(1) A continuous increase in the temperature of a gas confined in a container will lead to a continuous increase in the internal pressure within the gas.

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不断提高密封容器内气体的温度,会使气体的内压力不断增大。

(2) It is our great pleasure to note that China will sooner join the WTO.

我们很高兴地注意到,中国不久就会加入世界贸易组织。 六、词的增译

词的增译就是在译文中增加一些原文中无其形而有其义的词。英语中有时为了避免重复,常常省略一些词而不影响全句意义的完整表达,但在汉语译文中省略了这些词,就会使译文意义不明确,不通顺。因此,在某些场合下,增词是必要的。 1.增加英语中省略的词

(1)Traditionally, chemistry has evolved into four provinces: organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry.

按传统说法,化学已逐渐发展成了四大分支:有机化学,无机化学,物理化学和分析化学。 (2) E1ectricity became useful only after the nineteenth century.

19世纪以后,电才成为有用的东西。

2.用汉语动词补充英语名词、动名词或介词的意义,以使译文通顺

(1) The world needn’t be afraid of a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas or other sources fuel for the future.

世界无需担心将来可能出现煤、石油、天然气或其他燃料来源短缺的问题。

(2) Such a feat requires a perfect adjustment and timing of all the apparatus employed.

要做到这一点,需要所用设备的控制和定时准确无误。

3.在表达动作意义的英语名词后增添汉语名词

(1) This lack of resistance in very cold metals

may become useful in electronic computers. 这种在甚低温中金属没有电阻的现象.可能对电子计算机很有作用。

(2) Telemetry has become highly refined as

a result of several decades of missile and aircraft instrumentation.

几十年来对导弹和飞机的测量经验,使得

遥测技术的发展高度完善。

4增加表示名词复数的词

(1) The first electronic computers used

vacuum tubes and other components and this made equipment very large and bulky.

第一代电子计算机使用电子管和其他元件,这使设备又大又笨。

(2) Ground radar sets can “see” enemy

planes at great distance through darkness or clouds, and can direct antiaircraft fire at them.

地面雷达装置可以透过夜幕或云层,“看到”遥远的敌机群,并指示高射兵器向它们开火。

5.增加某些被动语态或动名词中没有具体指出的动作执行者或暗含的逻辑主语

(1) The material is said to behave elastically. 我们说,这种材料具有弹性。

(2) To explore the moon’s surface, rockets were launched again and again.

为了探测月球的表面,人们一次又一次地发射火箭。

6.在形容词前加名词

(1) According to Newton’s Third Law of

Motion action and reaction are equal and opposite.

根据牛顿运动第三定律,作用力和反作用力是大小相等方向相反的。

(2) The washing machine of this type is indeed cheap and fine.

这种类型的洗衣机真是价廉物美。

7.增加表示数量意义的概括性的词,以起修饰润色的作用

(1) A designer must have a good foundation in statics, kinematics, dynamics and strength of materials.

一个设计人员必须在静力学、运动学、动力学和材料力学这四个方面有很好的基础。

(2) The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.

声音的频率、波长与速度三者密切相关。

8.增加使译文语气连贯的词

(1) In general, all the metals are good

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conductors, with silver the best and the copper the 大多数物质热胀冷缩。 second. (2) The unit of measurement of the pressure of water is Pa. 一般说来,金属都是良导体,其中银最佳,铜次之。 水压的计量单位是帕。

(2) As mutual understanding deepens, love is 4·省略连词 solidified. (1) If there were no heat-treatment, metals could not be made so hard. 相知愈深,相爱愈坚 。

(3) Reading makes a full man; conference a 没有热处理,金属就不会变得如此硬。 ready man; and writing an exact man. (2) Give him an inch, and he will take a mile. 阅读使人充实,会谈使人敏捷,写作使人精确。 他得寸进尺。 七、省略译法 5·省略非人称代词it 或先行词it

(1) It will be a long time before any landing on 英译汉时,英文中有些词无须译出,而意思仍准确

Mars can be attempted. 清楚,这种译法称为省译法。省译的原则是,在使

汉语译文完全表达英语原文内容的前提下,把译文 很久以后才能在火星上尝试着陆。

(2) I think it unnecessary to go on with the 写得简明扼要,通顺流畅,读起来如同典型的汉语

measurement. 写作。常见的有以下六种。

l·省略冠词 我认为不需要再继续测量了。 (1) The stability of an object is greatest when its (3) It is this molecular motion that we call heat. center of gravity is at the lowest level. 就是这种分子运动叫做热运动。 物质的重心处于最低点时,它的稳定 6.省略逻辑上或修辞上不需要的词

(1) A generator can not produce energy, what 性最大。

(2) In the past, to fly to the moon was out it does is to convert mechanical energy into of the question. electrical energy.

在过去,飞往月球是绝对做不到的。 发电机不能生产能量,它只能把机械能转 (3) 定冠词the与某些形容词连用,使形容变成电能。

(2) The applications who had worked at a job 词名词化,代表一类人或物,the可不译。如:the

would receive preference in getting the positive正极;the old老年人。

position over those who had not. (4)习惯用法中的the不译。如:

all over the world 全世界 at 有工作经验的人将优先录用。

(3) There was no snow, the leaves were gone the same time 同时

from the trees, and the grass was dead. on the other hand 另一方面

in the evening 在晚上 天未下雪,但叶落草枯。

2·省略代词 八、反译法 (1) The volume of the sun is about 1,300,000 反译法就是从另一个角度翻译词、词组或句子。如times that of the earth. 原文是肯定的,译文用否定;原文是否定的,译文 太阳的体积约为地球的130万倍。 用肯定。这样做主要是为了达到一定的修辞目的。(2) One must have studied hard before one could 常用的反译法有以下几种。 succeed in mastering a foreign language. 1.否定译为肯定

(1) Metals do not melt until heated to a definite 必须勤学苦练,才能精通一门外语。

temperature. 3·省略介词

(1) Most substances expand in heating and 金属要加热到一定的温度才熔化。 contract in cooling. (2) There is no law that has no exception. 8