发布时间 : 星期五 文章牛津译林版八年级下册8BUnit1- Unit4期中复习梳理更新完毕开始阅读e4b2a4a0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6232
牛津译林版八年级下册8BUnit1- Unit4期中复习梳理
一、语法和句型
【知识梳理】
1．It moved up over my stomach and neck until it was standing near my face. (P50) 它爬上我的肚子和脖子，直到（它）来到我的脸上。 until conj. 直到 【拓展】
① until用于肯定句中，表示主句的动作一直持续到从句动作发生或状态出现时为止。一般可译为“_______________”。在这种用法中，主句的谓语动词必须是持续动词（非瞬间动词），如live, wait, last, love, like, stay, work, continue等。 e.g.: I will wait until you come back.
② until用于否定句中，表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之前尚未发生，或者说主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始。一般可译为“_______________”。 e.g.: I didn't leave until the rain stopped.直到雨停了我才离开。
③ until后面的从句中不能用一般将来时，应该用一般现在时代替，即“_______________”。
e.g.: He will stay here until his mother comes back.
2．疑问词加动词不定式 (1) 句法功能：
①“ wh-词＋不定式” 主要用作宾语或者宾语补足语，跟在动词decide, forget, advise, discuss, remember, understand, think, teach等之后。 e.g.: We must think what to do.
I can't decide whom to invite.
Daniel taught himself how to use a computer to draw. ② 除用作宾语外，还可用作主语、表语等。
e.g.: When to leave has not been decided.何时离开还没有决定。 The question is how to find him.问题是如何找到他。
【易错点拨】 (2) 注意点：
① 若动词不定式的动词为不及物动词，需要加上后面的介词。 e.g. Daniel did not say who to talk to about this book.
I don’t know who to turn to for help when I have problems. ② 原则上说，why后不接不定式：
误：Kitty explained why to be late for school. 正：Kitty explained why she was late for school.
不过若不定式不带to，则可用why。 e.g.: Why not go there at once? Why argue with her?
但这类结构通常只用于谈论现在和将来，不用于谈论过去。 误：Why not clean the room yesterday?
正：Why didn't you clean the room yesterday?
【易错点拨】
(3) how用于该结构的注意点：
有些动词后接“how＋不定式”作宾语时，how可以省略： e.g.: Did you learn (how) to drive a car? 你学过开车吗？
但是，有些动词后面接“疑问词how＋不定式”作宾语时，尽管其中的how在汉语中无需译出，但不能将how省略。
e.g.: He knows how to play the piano. He showed her how to swim.
(4)“疑问词十不定式”结构可以和复合句转换。
e.g.: He asked where he would go shopping after supper. ＝He asked where to go shopping after supper.
【典例讲解】 例1: 同义句转换
The teacher asked us how we could help him.
The teacher asked us_______ _______ _______ him.
例2: He didn't know where_______ his brother.
A. find B. to find C. to finding D. finding
例3: --Excuse me. Could you please tell me_______ my car? --Sure. Park it right here. I'll help you.
A. how to stop B. where to parking C. where to stop D. when to park
例4: 他不知道和谁谈有关旅行的计划。
He doesn't know_______ _______ _______ _______ about the travel plan.
3．must& have to (1) 意义区别
两词都是“必须”的意思，have to表示客观的需要，must表示说话人主观上的看法，即主观上的必要。
e.g.: My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。（客观上需要做这件事） He said that they must work hard.
他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
(2) 形式的区别
① have to有人称、数和时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。
e.g.: He had to look after his sister yesterday. 昨天他不得不照顾他的妹妹。 ② 否定结构：
have to的否定结构为：don't have to do…表示“不必”= needn’t do… 而must的否定结构为mustn’t 表示“禁止”，“绝对不可以”。
e.g.: You don't have to tell him about it．你不一定要把此事告诉他。 You mustn't tell him about it．你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
(3) 联系
Must引导的疑问句可以用don’t have to/ needn’t来回答。 e.g.: Must I finish my homework now? No, you don’t have to. / needn’t.
【典例讲解】
例1: You_______ smoke in public.
A. mustn't B. needn't C. wouldn't D. may not
例2: It's late. I_______ sleep here.
A. must B. have to C. has to D. had to
例3: 作为一名学生，你必须按时上交作业。
As a student, you _________ hand in your homework on time.
4．现在完成时特殊情况
1. 现在完成时强调的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响，所以若是过去发生的一个动作，现在情况已经发生的变化，则不用现在完成时，而用一般过去时。 e.g.: I put my ruler in my pencil-box, but I can’t find it now.
批注：若用I have put my ruler in my pencil-box, 则过去的动作put对现在的影响是“尺子还在笔袋里”，但实际上我现在找不到了，说明现在情况发生了变化，不用现在完成时。
【典例讲解】
例1：My father __________(work) in a factory for five years. But now he is a teacher.
2. 现在完成时不与when引导的特殊疑问句连用, when后只用一般过去时表示已发生的动作。但现在完成时可与where, why等疑问词连用。 e.g.: ---The train has left.
--When did the train leave? e.g.: Where have you been? 【典例讲解】
例1: When _____you _______ your dictionary?
A. did; lose B. has; lost C. will; lose D. does; lose
3. 现在完成时五大句型：
1) It’s +一段时间+since…(或It has been +一段时间+since…) e.g.: It is 8 years since I came to Nanjing.
= It has been 8 years since I came to Nanjing.
2) This is the +形容词最高级+ 名词+ that +从句（从句用现在完成时） e.g.: This is the saddest film that I have ever seen. 3) Where have you been? 4) There have/ has been …
e.g.: There have been great changes to my hometown in the past two years. 5) It is the first / second/… time that+从句（从句用现在完成时） e.g.: It is the first time that I have visited Beijing.
5．一般过去时和现在完成时时间状语的区别 时态 时间状语 一般过去时 yesterday, the other day (= a few days ago),
last…, … ago, the day before yesterday, just now, in +过去时间
现在完成时 already, ever, just, recently, (not) yet, so far (迄
今为止), up to now, till now, since, never, before
批注：老师讲解时，需要提醒学生养成良好的做题习惯，解题时，若出现明确的过去时间状语，则不用现在完成时态，而用一般过去时。
【典例讲解】
例1: Julie's father ________ to London last month. He ________ there three times.
A. went; had gone B. has gone; has been C. went; has been D. has been; had gone
例2: --How long have you ____here?
--For two days. I _____here the day before yesterday.
A. been; came B. come; came C. came; came D. been; been
例3: --Have you ever been to Shanghai, Mary?
--Yes, I _____there for three days with my parents last month.
A. have gone B. have been C. went D. was
6．一般过去时和现在完成时结构上的区别 时态 结构 一般过去时 主语+ was/ were+其他主语+ 动词过去式+其
他