发布时间 : 星期六 文章国际贸易实务英文版第三版知识点及模拟题更新完毕开始阅读e5be5ba7db38376baf1ffc4ffe4733687f21fc1b
公路承运货物收据Road consignment note
多式联运单据Multimodal transportation document (MTD) 4. 装船期(time of shipment)和交货期的区别(time of delivery) 1) Under shipment contracts, the symbolic delivery takes place, so time of shipment is equal to time of delivery. The time is the one limited for loading the goods on board vessel or in the hand of the carrier at the port or place of shipment. 2) Under arrival contracts, the actual delivery takes place, thus, time of shipment is different from time of delivery. Time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board vessel at the port or place of shipment; time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place. 5. 分批运（partial shipment）和转运(transshipment)的区别 Partial shipment means the goods under a contract are to be shipped in more than one lot.分批装运是指一个合同下的货物先后分若干批装运。
Transshipment means unloading and reloading from one vessel to another during the course of ocean carriage from the port of loading to the port of discharge stipulated.转运是指从装运港至卸货港过程中，进行转装或重装，包括从一运输工具移至另一运输工具的行为。
6. 滞期费（demurrage）和速遣费(dispatch) 滞期费是指在规定的装卸期限内，如果租船人未能完成装卸作业，为了弥补船方的损失，对超过的实践租船人应向船方支付一定的罚款。
Demurrage is the amount of money paid as a penalty at an agreed rate by charterer to compensate the ship-owner for his losses in case the charterer fails to have loading and unloading completed within the lay time. 速遣费是指租船人在规定的期限呢，提前完成装卸作业，则所节省的时间船方要向租船人支付一定的奖金。
Dispatch is the amount of money paid as a bonus by the ship-owner to the charterer if they get loading and unloading done ahead of schedule.
Chapter six 货物运输保险
1. 保险的四大基本原则（fundamental principles of cargo insurance）： 1) 可保利益原则（the insurable interest principle） 可保利益指的是投保人对保险标的具有法律上承认的利益。Insurable interest is the interest on insurance subject matter held by the insurant and recognized by law, indicating that the insurant will suffer some financial losses if any maritime risks materialize.投保人对保险标的不具有可保利益的，保险合同无效，这就是可保利益原则。通常的可保利益形式有货物的所有权、保费、运费等 2) 最大诚信原则（the utmost good faith principle） 是指投保人和保险人在签订保险合同以及在合同有效期内，必须保持最大限度的诚意。Both parties be faithful and honest in entering into the insurance contract. Insurant shall expose all important facts influencing the judgment and evaluation by the insurer to the perils.
3) 补偿原则（the indemnity principle） 是指当保险标的遭受保险责任范围内的损失时，保险人应当依照保险合同的约定履行赔偿义务。In the event of loss of or damage to the subject matter resulting from an insured peril, the insurer shall compensate the claimant exactly what the latter has lost in the occurrence of the peril.
补偿的范围不能超过:（total indemnification be limited to）： a) 保险金额The insurance amount: 110% of the insured value b) 实际损失The actual loss suffered c) 可保利益The insurable interest of the claimant 4）近因原则（the proximate cause principle）: 指保险人只对承保风险和保险标的损失之间有直接因果关系的损失负赔偿责任。 The insurer shall only responsible for the loss which has a direct link to the risks covered.
如果有两个以上原因造成损失，则①如果前因在保险范围内，后因不在，前因导致后因，保险人要赔付；②如果前因不在保险范围内，后因在，前因导致后因，保险人不赔
2. 海上运输风险
自然灾害Natural calamities:
Caused by force majeure events such as heavy weather , lightening, Tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, thunderbolt (雷劈), etc. 意外事故Unexpected accidents/fortuitous accidents:
Caused by accidents such as fire, explosion, vessel stranding（搁浅）, grounded（触礁）, sunk or capsized （倾覆）, collision（碰撞）, missing, etc. 一般外来风险General risks :
Caused by common factors such as theft, fresh water rain雨淋, shortage短量, leakage渗漏, clash and breakage破损, odor串味，heating and sweating受潮和受热, hook damage钩损, rust锈损, breakage of packing, etc. 特殊外来风险Special risks:
Caused by military factors, political factors, government regulations such as war, striking罢工, confiscation (没收), etc. 3. 海上损失
1）实际全损和推定全损的区别 实际全损是指该批被保险的货物在运输途中完全灭失，或者受到严重损坏完全失去原有的形体、效用。Actual total loss means cargo has been totally lost or has been damaged to the extent that it has lost its original usage. 推定全损是指被保险货物在运输途中受损后，实际全损已经不可避免，或者恢复、修复受损货物并将其运送到原定目的地的费用超过货物到达目的地所原有的价值。Constructive total loss means cargo is not totally lost, but the actual total loss shall be unavoidable or the restoration fees together with other miscellaneous expenses will exceed the anticipated amount of profit when cargo is delivered to the destination as arranged originally. 2）部分损失
⑴指整批货物的部分损失或者部分货物的全部损失a partial damage to or the total loss of part of the insured cargo ⑵单独海损和共同海损的区别 共同海损是指在同一海上航程中，船舶、货物和其他财产遭遇共同危险，为了共同安全，有意的合理的采取措施所直接造成的特殊牺牲、支付的特殊费用。A partial & deliberate sacrifice of the ship, freight, or cargo, or additional expenses incurred to rescue a ship and its cargo from impeding danger or for the common safety of the adventure under a peril of the sea or some other hazards.
①共同海损的条件：a. 导致共同海损的危险必须是真实存在的或不可避免的；b. 船方所采取的措施必须是为了解除船、货的共同危险，有意识而且是合理的；c. 所做的牺牲具有特殊性，支出的费用是额外的；d. 牺牲和费用的支出最终必须是有效的
②共同海损分担（general average contribution）: 由承运人、船方和货主按获益比例分担 计算：a.算出共同海损total GA loss；b. 算出共同海损分摊价值（得救价值）total GA contributory value； c. 算出共同海损比率 GA percentage = total GA loss / Total GA contributory value * 100% d. 算出各受益方应该分担的共同海损: GA contribution = contributory value * GA percentage 参考课本P165例题
单独海损是指除共同海损意外的部分损失，由受损方单独承担。
两者的主要区别为：单独海损是由海上风险直接造成的货物损失，没有人为因素在内，而共同海损则是因采取人为的故意的措施而导致的损失；单独海损的损失由受损方自行承担，而共同海损的损失由各受益方按获救财产价值的多少，按比
例共同分摊。
4. 费用：为了营救被保险货物所支出的费用
施救费用（sue and labor expense）和救助费用(salvage charges)的区别: 施救费用是指保险标的在遭遇保险责任范围内的灾害事故时，被保险人或其代理人、雇佣人员和保险单受让人对保险标的所采取的各种抢救、防止或减少货损的措施而支出的合理费用。保险人对这种施救费用负责赔偿，这是一种自救行为。 救助费用是指保险标的遭受保险责任范围内的灾害事故时，由保险人和被保险人以外的第三者采取了救助措施并获得成功而向其支付的报酬。如果是发生在单独海损期间由保险人赔偿，如果发生在共同海损期间，则由受益方分摊。这是一种他救行为。 5. 中国海上运输保险条款范围Coverage of marine cargo insurance of CIC 1）基本险Basic coverage FPA (Free from Particular Average) 平安险： 主要有：a. 全损 b. 一部分自然灾害和意外事故造成的部损 c. 全部意外事故造成的部损 d. 共同海损 WPA (With Particular Average) 水渍险： 平安险+自然灾害直接造成的部损 A.R. (All Risks) 一切险： 水渍险+一般外来风险 a. natural calamities Actual total loss 1. Total loss Constructive total loss due to b. fortuitous accidents 2. Partial loss due to a. fortuitous accidents b. natural calamities, where the conveyance being grounded, stranded, sunk or burnt before or after the fortuitous accident F.P.A. W.P.A.R. 3. Total or partial loss caused by accidents and consequent on falling of entire package during loading, unloading or transshipment 4. Reasonable expenses the insured makes for the salvage of the goods insured, and for averting or minimizing the losses 5. Loss due to discharge of the insured goods at a port of distress following a sea peril as well as special charges arising from loading, warehousing and forwarding of the goods at an intermediate port of call or refuge 6. Sacrifice in and contribution to salvage charges 7. Loss due to “Both to Blame Collision” Clause 8. Partial loss caused directly by natural calamities 9. Loss or damage due to external causes including general extraneous risks, excluding special extraneous risks and exclusions Figure 6.4 Basic Coverage of C.I.C.
2）附加险Additional coverage
一般附加险：General additional coverage 如：淡水雨淋险、碰损破碎险、勾损