发布时间 : 星期五 文章资源回收潜力分析研究——基于中国城市和农村生活垃圾的研究外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译更新完毕开始阅读eb27012a5e0e7cd184254b35eefdc8d376ee1422
mainly made of wood fibers and plastics (plastic resin: 30-75%; wood fibers: 25-70%). Wood-plastic building templates made of waste plastics (30%) and wood chips (70%) have already been developed in China, which means 126,870,000 tons of wood-plastic boards can be produced from the 38,060,000 tons of waste plastics. Assuming wood-plastic templates cost RMB 5,760/t [20], the potential value would be RMB 741.1 billion.
The application of wood-plastic composites is an important national policy of China concerning renewable resources. In 2010, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the Ministry of Commerce jointly issued the Outline of Technical Policies for Comprehensive Use of Resources in China, clearly putting forward the decision to “promote the technologies that utilize waste plastics and wood materials for the production of wood-plastic composites and products.” A two-step development strategy for the wood-plastic composite industry has also been unveiled:
Step 1 (2011-2015): 5,000,000 tons (basic objective); 8,000,000 tons (development objective);
Step 2 (2016-2020): 15,000,000-20,000,000 tons (development objective) [21]; an industrial system with an annual output of RMB 300 billion.
Table 4: Annual outputs, objectives and potentials of wood-plastic composites in China
Source: Outline of the Development Plan for China’s Wood-Plastic Composite Industry in the 12th
Five-year Plan Period 3.3. Toilet paper
Waste toilet paper is not listed in Table 1 and Table 3 as a physical component of domestic waste. Despite serious pollution, the separate collection and disposal of such waste are seldom mentioned in domestic research documents. As far as resource recycling is concerned, it is a rich cellulosic resource with stable sources. It is practical to produce fuel ethanol from separately-collected waste toilet paper through centralized disposal.
In industrially developed countries, there are 170 tons of cellulosic materials in every 250 tons of urban waste, which can produce about 36.5 tons of ethanol – 14.6 tons of ethanol out of 100 tons of cellulosic waste. The dry-basis separation test shows that 166.29kg of low-value unmarketable waste includes 8.75kg of toilet paper (5.26%). Without public data, we assume waste toilet paper averagely accounts for 3% of urban and rural domestic waste, so there would be 15,000,000 tons of waste toilet paper in the yearly 500,000,000 tons of domestic waste in China, which could produce 2,190,000 tons of ethanol worth of RMB 13.14 billion (at the minimum price of RMB 6,000/t).
US technologies such as Nitick and Penn-GE (complex hydrolysis and fermentation) which is jointly developed by the University of Pennsylvania and General Electric work on urban cellulosic waste to transform all the organisms into liquid fuels and other valuable products, making new breakthroughs in the energy-oriented use of urban cellulosic waste and suggesting biological disposal solutions for urban and rural cellulosic waste (other than burying or burning it).
3.4. Waste glass
According to Tables 1-2, glass accounts for 0.95% of urban domestic waste in China (200,000,000 tons x 0.95% = 1,900,000 tons). In rural domestic waste there is 4,530,000 tons of glass (300,000,000 x 1.51%). Therefore, there is totally 6,430,000 tons of glass in urban and rural domestic waste. Each ton of waste glass can produce 20,000 wine bottles. Conservatively, each bottle costs RMB 0.1, so the market potential of waste glass is RMB 2,000 per ton, that is, RMB 12.86 billion in total.
In fact, waste glass may have higher economic value after resource recycling. Concrete with 35% of glass aggregates from the US has proved qualified for the design requirements in its compression strength, shrinkage and water absorbability. Waste glass can also be made into glass-ceramic artificial marble slabs, building tiles, glass mosaics, heat-insulating and soundproof materials, etc. The potential value of the 6,430,000 tons of waste glass may be higher in case of a larger value-added production.
3.5. Used clothes
So far used clothes are seldom recycled as resources but directly buried or burned in most cases. Based on relevant data in Tables 1-3, the total amount of used clothes in urban and rural domestic waste in China is 8,110,000 tons, including 3,280,000 tons in urban domestic waste and 4,830,000 tons in rural domestic waste. The prices of used clothes offered on www.zz91.com from May 17 to June 17, 2012 ranged from RMB 700/t to RMB 8,800/t. The 8,110,000 tons of used clothes would cost RMB 8.11 billion at a price of RMB 1,000/t.
The industrialization of technologies for comprehensive use of used clothing fibers has been included into the Outline of Technical Policies for Comprehensive Use of Resources in China, and national policies have made it clear to industrialize the recycling of used textiles. By turning such domestic waste as glass, textiles, paper and tiles into reinforcing fillers for wood-plastic composites, Ma Jianli et al. have found that short textile fibers have the best mechanical properties for reinforcing, which creates a new way for the recycling of used clothes in domestic waste.
3.6. Waste electronics, paper and metals
Waste electronics are not listed in Table 1 and Table 3 as physical components of domestic waste. According to Table 2, the percentage of waste electronics in low-value non-marketable waste is 1.24%, so we estimate there are about 6,200,000 tons of waste electronics in the 500,000,000 tons of domestic waste in China. The estimates of the Ministry of Science and Technology show that by 2010, there were 3,000,000 tons of waste electronics in China, and the figure will climb to 5,000,000 tons by 2015. According to relevant estimates of Tianjin Recycling Research Institute of China, the potential price of waste electronics per ton is above RMB 1,000, so the potential value of the 3,000,000 tons of waste electronics in 2010 would at least exceed RMB 3 billion.
According to Table 1 and Table 3, paper accounts for 10.68% of urban domestic waste (about 21,360,000 tons) and 2.88% of rural domestic waste (about 8,640,000 tons) in China, so the total weight would be 30,000,000 tons. The potential value would be around RMB 30 billion if the paper costs RMB 1,000/t (a modest price of waste paper in the Pricelist of Renewable Resources in Some Cities and Provinces of China, June 12, 2012.
According to Table 1 and Table 3, metals account for 0.68% of urban domestic waste (about 1,340,000 tons) and 0.64% of rural domestic waste (about 1,920,000 tons) in China, so the total weight would be 3,260,000 tons. The potential value would be at least RMB 8.15 billion at a price of RMB 2,500/t for general waste steel according to the Pricelist of Renewable Resources in Some
Cities and Provinces of China, June 12, 2012.
The recycling potentials of tiles, mucks, bamboo and other components as well as the 200,000,000 tons of water are not estimated in this paper.
4. Conclusions
(1) Recycling of urban and rural domestic waste would create potential values of RMB 926.17 billion, RMB 1,065.98 billion and RMB 1,205.81 billion upon three prices of granulated organic-inorganic compound fertilizers. 69,905,000 tons of granulated organic-inorganic compound fertilizers would be produced from food waste, so the potential values from resource recycling would be RMB 139.81 billion, RMB 279.62 billion and RMB 419.43 billion upon the three prices. 126,870,000 tons of wood-plastic slabs would be produced from 38,060,000 tons of waste plastics, so the potential value from resource recycling would be RMB 741.1 billion. 2,190,000 tons of ethanol would be produced from waste toilet paper, so the potential value from resource recycling would be RMB 13.14 billion. The potential values from resource recycling of waste glass (6,430,000 tons), used clothes (8,110,000 tons), waste electronics (3,000,000 tons) and waste metals (3,260,000 tons) would be RMB 12.86 billion, RMB 8.11 billion, more than RMB 3 billion and more than RMB 8.15 billion respectively.
Fig.1. Resource recycling potentials of different components of low-value domestic waste (unit: RMB 100 million)
(2) Dry-basis separation from the source is the basis for the industrialization of domestic waste resources. Effective source separation is the only way to separate renewable resources in