发布时间 : 星期六 文章新概念4-新东方课堂笔记-4更新完毕开始阅读ee9a901ea300a6c30c229ff0
- 119 – 文字录入：benrose 整理发布：kaiziliu 荣誉出品 新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 43Lesson 43 Our Developing Worldr Developing World
Lesson 43 Our Developing World
我们发展中的世界
我们发展中的世界
Faith in controlled nuclear fission is now being shown by the construction of atomic powerstations. In Britain, Calder Hall on the coast of Cumberland first made its contribution to theNational Electricity grid in 1957. Subsequently a chain of nuclear power stations was planned. Ofnecessity they are sited near the coasts or tidal water because of the need of much water for coolingand a certain discharge of possible radioactive effluent. Atomic power is associated in the publicmind with the destructive force of atom bombs and partly for this reason, though it is claimed thatthere is no danger to be associated with atomic power stations, they are being sited away frompopulous centres.
The present position is that the three main sources of power are coal, oil and water power. Wesometimes refer to electricity ,gas or petrol as if they were the actual source of power , forgettingthat electricity must be generated by the consumption of coal or oil or by the utilization of waterpower, whilst coke,gas and petrol are examples of secondary fuels by which coal and oil may bemore effectively used.
Where alternative sources of power are available there are some marked contrasts in handling. Thebulk and weight of coal required in the majority of manufacturing industries is large in comparisonwith the bulk and weight of other raw materials. This is not always true--was with the manufactureof pig iron and steel from low-grade iron ores-- but it did lead to the concentration of industrialdevelopments on the coal-fields, a phenomenon well seen in such countries as Britain where theIndustrial Revolution came before the days of oil or electricity. Coal being a solid must bedistributed mainly by rail or water.
By way of contrast oil can be transported large distances by pipeline but overseas movement hasinvolved building of large numbers of tankers, including now some of the largest vessels afloat.Unless suitable on other grounds oilfields have not become industrial regions; on the contrary theoil industry is marked by a certain amount of smell and an element of danger, hence the siting ofrefineries
at a distance from population centres. It is not always realized that the owners ofpipelines can handle the oil of different customers, sending it through at different, periods.Natural gas can also be transported large distances by pipe. Early in 1959 Britain received thefirst ship cargo of natural gas----liquefied for the purpose of transport.
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- 120 – 整理发布：kaiziliu 荣誉出品 新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 44Lesson 44 The Backward Societykward Society
Lesson 44 The Backward Society
落后的社会
落后的社会
If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases theexpense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that couldbe used for developing the country, And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are ina poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development arecorrespondingly low.
This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private businessenterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For ourpurposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managing and administering thebusiness. Such administrative overhead in a business is analogous to the cost of government in anation. The administrative overhead of a business is low to the extent that everyone working in thebusiness can, be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they caneach be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within theirsphere, then administrative overhead will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to haveonly one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing,keep him in line, and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal andresponsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators,checkers, and foremen, and administrative overhead will rise correspondingly. As
administrativeoverhead rises, so the earnings of the business, after meeting the expense of administration, will fall;and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its futureprogress and development.
It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in aloyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants tokeep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of thepeople will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the peopleaccordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.New words and expressions 生词短语
Disunited a.分裂的 Economic resource 经济实力
Incur vt.承担 Backward a.落后的
Administrative a.行政管理的 Overhead a.一般费用
Analogous a.类似的 Behave vi.行动
Sphere n.范围 Keep sb. in line 使某人协调Checker n.检查人员 Foreman n.监工
Dividend n.红利 Civil servant 文职人员
特别说明：本文档根据新东方新概念第四册（第二版）网络课堂Flash制作（转发请保持文档的完整性）
只可用于学习交流，不得用于商业目的！！！
- 121 – 文字录入：benrose 整理发布：kaiziliu 荣誉出品 新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson 44Notes on the text 课文注释
Unite ~all the people 团结所有的人民
Unify （思想）统一 Union Unification Reunion团聚
In China, spring festival/mid autumn day is a good time for reunion.
在中国，中秋节/春节是团聚的好时间
Chinese people are hoping/expecting the reunion between the mainland and Taiwan Island.中国人希望大陆两岸统一。
In 199x, the two Germanies reunifaction. 在199X年东西德统一
Incur
承担 后面跟抽象名词 （费用，成本） I have a family to support/feed.
招致，导致 （不好的恶果） Pride incur failure.
Backward Forward 先进的 Backward nation Forward country
Under developed 欠发达 Developing 发展中
Organ 机构 Administrator 管理者 Administration
Bush administration bush当局（西方用人名，中国用地名）
Beijing administration MBA master of business and administration
Sphere Hemisphere 半球 Eastern hemisphere 西半球
Western hemisphere 东半球 Semi-colony 半殖民Feudal society 封建社会Semi-feudal 半封建 Semifinal 半决赛
Domain 域 Field scope 眼界
province He is very provincial 他没有远见
Dividend （入股的）红利 Allowance 津贴 Bonus 奖金
Civil marriage 不在教堂举行的婚礼
She keeps the family in line. 她把家打理得井井有条。
State 有政治概念 State law State visit 政事访问
Correspondingly; therefore so
He wrote me 5 letters, correspondingly I answered 5.
Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly now.Where 可当作if 翻译 Where there is life, there is hope
Compare with 与?.. 比较