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man’s image and soft, wet plaster, which make people think back to the drunkard’s crooked, drunk appearance. 3.3.4 Function of Taboo
There is a linguistic taboo in any culture, any society, Anglo-American society is no exception. Over the years, an Anglo-American people always think that it is a symbol of social civilization of avoiding it. Most part of taboo is about sex, excretion of human physiological functions, some parts of the body and is not profane words of some god ghost. These are also in news body. Euphemism originates from verbal taboo, and verbal taboo originates from religious superstition, which reflects the importance of social psychology in the origin of euphemism. Taboo and euphemism are two closely related cultural and linguistic phenomena of human society. We can’t talk about one without referring to the other.
Almost any of the cultures in the world has its own taboo. The word ―taboo‖ is from Polynesian, meaning ―sacred‖ or ―accused‖. And there are two aspects of verbal taboo: one is word–fetishism; the other is the forbidden use of language. In uncivilized and crude society, the primitives were often confronted with puzzling and threatening situations and phenomena, such as death and diseases. As they couldn’t understand and explain the extraordinary events and performance, success and failure, they worshiped, and even dreaded the supernatural. Such psychology leads to superstition, and then developed into Fetishism. The specific language was also defied, that is, Word Fetishism. Out of the worship of gods and ghosts, their names must be avoided. So their names became the earliest taboo words, and other words used to replace them became the earliest euphemisms. When a taboo word is abandoned, people have to find another word to fill up the vacancy. That’s the way of euphemism being created. In both the English and the Chinese language speech community, the most obvious taboos have to do with bodily functions, body parts, death etc... Taboo changes over time. New taboos are racism, ageism, and taboos concern other social and commercial life. Modern taboos are motivated more by notion of decency, politeness, decorum and communicative appropriateness than by pure fear or sense of danger in earlier taboo practice. They reflect sensitivity and respect for others’ feelings. Meanwhile, euphemism develops with taboo, so euphemistic words and expressions not only allow us to talk about unpleasant things and disguise or neutralize the unpleasantness, e.g., the subjects of sickness, death and dying,
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unemployment, and criminality, but also allow us to give labels to unpleasant tasks and jobs in an attempt to make them sound almost attractive.
Euphemism is a linguistic phenomenon, which is used as an important means of regulating interpersonal relations. With the harmonious development of society, speaking skills and good interpersonal skills increasingly have profound impact on people's lives. People try to avoid Straightforwardness and prefer to use euphemisms to express a good impression for the listeners.
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Chapter Four on Euphemism in Journalism English
4.1 Use of Euphemism in Journalism English
In the past, euphemism was just used in daily life, with the development of the newspaper, euphemism was taken on it. Today, we can see euphemism language everywhere in the newspapers.
Journalistic English is the common practical style of English, one of specific purposes which are unlike other English; it has a wide range of words, change more, covering social and political life, financial and commercial activities, military conflict, technological development and the religious, legal, family and other party’s surface. It can be said that it is involved every human material world, spirit world and the self- interest. However, what happens in world events are all the attention in the news. In research and analysis of newspapers, they are used in the English Euphemism approach, not only enrich knowledge of English learners, but also enable our correct understanding of linguistic phenomena and select the appropriate language, the smooth implementation is the transmission of news and information. In the newspapers, in order to make the article elegant, euphemism was often used to express. Meanwhile, the euphemism reflects a society from the other side, a culture, and social values and has a respect for psychology 4.2 Classification of Euphemism in Journalism English
Euphemism is a frequent use of language strategy by people in the process of disseminating information. As a social phenomenon, euphemism has aroused great interest in academic of language (1979 to 2005 China Journal Network can be found in academic research related to Euphemism 731), but whether is journalism, or social linguistics, pragmatics (the two major branches of linguistics), Euphemisms in English on the news have very few studies. In fact, the English in news euphemism is used everywhere. According to the user's purposes, we can divide the euphemism in journalism English into: altruism, Fan Li, self-interest categories. 4.2.1 Altruism
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Altruism euphemism: the so-called altruistic euphemism, and to the interests of each other and the close of the person or organization, and to take account their face. If teachers and parents want to make students be able to withstand the psychological press, with ―a bit slow ―instead of the ―stupid‖, with the ―need help‖, instead of ―cheat in the exam‖, with ―should devote more diligently to study‖ instead of ―lazy‖ and so on. In the news, there is often some ―face threatening action‖, so in order to take into account the reported person's face, euphemism became a frequent use in language strategies, such as: Nixon's proposals have been hailed as sound if not original. But this appraisal of his own stewardship sometimes seems more generous than candid. The generous in the sentence means \大方的,慷慨的\to the president, not modesty. In economic reports, the reporter used to describe the \, and you do not unable to compete well because of the failure of the Board \ but the company, in order to market position and \\or (as is normal Mode and layoffs),meanwhile,the common compact car in the business reported, in fact, equivalent to only European small car, while the subcompact car is even smaller than European small car. But with the compact, subcompact replace small, discard the latter and may contain cheap, poor associative meaning, which emphasizes the compact models as compact, beautiful and such favorable factors, which make the producer of the car business and potential car buyers of reading the reports to find psychological comfort. In addition, the English euphemism is also a large number of altruism reflected in the occupational of the name on. Any kind of work in the media reports have become a profession. Even the most ordinary, the simplest work can use the high work technology, high intelligence-related words. For example: trash collector (garbage persons) are called sanitation engineer, or the environment engineer (sanitation engineer); gardener (the gardener) into a landscape architect (landscape architect); servant (maid) is a domestic engineer (domestic engineer); and aisle manager (Channel Manager), refers to a mall, but inspectors only. The low status, the subject of occupational discrimination up by analogy, thus avoided damage of the reported people’s face and optimize the environment of transmission.
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