发布时间 : 星期日 文章[高级英语]unit2 - psychology - student version更新完毕开始阅读fd0e315476a20029bc642d10
Unit Two Psychology
Unit Two Psychology
1. What can you do?
1.1 Background information Terms psychology cognitive development emotion display
1.2 Word Expansion 1.2.1 Word family n. perception presumption
1.2.2 v. incorporate assimilate adj. adv. universally Definitions Derivative
roots clude psych 2. Let’s read
Derivatives Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
According to child psychologist Jean Piaget, the mind assimilates new information by first attempting to incorporate it into one’s existing view of the world. Sometimes, new information is incompatible with a person’s established world-view. When this happens, it is necessary to analyze and modify thinking patterns in order to integrate the new information. In his work
1 / 10
Unit Two Psychology
with children, Piaget observed that they think differently as they grow. He therefore concluded that a person’s ability to process new information increases with maturation. Piaget believed that this cognitive development occurs universally among children and that it progresses through four stages.
From birth until about the age of two, children experience the sensorimotor stage. The name of this stage derives from the fact that information is gained through sensory perceptions and motor activities. Actions like seeing, touching, or sucking enable children in the sensorimotor stage of development to explore their surroundings and learn about themselves. Their knowledge about their environment is gathered solely through physical interactions with it. Therefore, children’s understanding of the world at this stage is narrow. Nonetheless, children in the sensorimotor stage make many important discoveries. Particularly significant is the discovery that they are separate from their environment. They realize that their surroundings are not extensions of themselves. In addition, children in this stage become aware that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
The preoperational stage occurs next, when children are between two and seven years old. (A)■During this stage of cognitive development, children learn to use symbols to represent objects, and they become proficient in language. (B)■They also learn how to classify objects according to a single characteristic such as size or shape. (C)■Another characteristic of children at this stage of cognitive development is egocentric behavior. (D)■This is caused by their inability to understand any perspective but their own.
As children acquire life experience, they become capable of reasoning in more sophisticated ways. Between the ages of seven and eleven, they enter the third stage of cognitive development, the concrete operational stage. At this stage, they begin to think more logically and can solve abstract problems. Along with these achievements comes a decrease in the egocentrism characteristic of the preoperational stage. In addition, children in this stage can classify objects according to several features. In the previous stage of development, they were only able to group objects together according to a single feature.
The fourth stage of cognitive development is the formal operational stage. It begins when children are between eleven and fifteen and represents the ultimate stage of cognitive development. Adolescents in this stage of development are able to skillfully represent abstract concepts using symbols. Piaget pointed out, however, that some people never reach the formal operational stage. Those who do have the ability to reason hypothetically and deductively.
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has been very influential since the time of its proposal in 1969. However, not everyone is in agreement about exactly how children cognitively develop. Some psychologists wonder whether cognitive development can really be divided into four distinct stages. In spite of this, Piaget has had a significant impact on modern psychology and children’s education.
2.1 Exercises
1. The word integrate in the passage is closest in meaning to A. include
2 / 10
B. edit D. remember
C. repeat
Unit Two Psychology
2. In paragraph 1, the author introduces Piaget’s theory of cognitive development by A. mentioning the work of psychologists who preceded Piaget
B. describing Piaget’s belief about how the mind deals with new information C. giving an example of how children act in each stage of cognitive development D. indicating that children who are the same age think in different ways 3. The word solely in the passage is closest in meaning to A. exclusively B. frequently C. patiently D. easily 4. The word they in the passage refers to A. surroundings C. children development?
A. They are able to use language to express their emotions. B. They do not have the ability to move themselves around. C. They realize they are separate from their surroundings. D. They have the ability to sort objects by shape. 6. The word proficient in the passage is closest in meaning to A. motivated B. competent C. remarkable D. understandable
7. Based on information in paragraph 3, what can be inferred about children in the preoperational stage?
A. They can use tools to achieve their goals.
B. They are likely to arrange objects from the smallest to the largest. C. They understand relationships between cause and effect. D. They probably personify objects around them.
8. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the preoperational stage? A. Logical thinking develops. B. Cooperativeness increases.
C. Egocentric behaviors become evident. D. Mathematical skills develop.
9. According to paragraph 5, all of the following are true about the fourth stage EXCEPT A. people who reach it can reason hypothetically B. all 13-year-old children belong to this stage C. it represents cognition in its final form
D. a child in this stage uses symbols related to abstract concepts
3 / 10
B. extensions D. objects
5. Which of the following is a characteristic of children in the sensorimotor stage of
Unit Two Psychology
10. According to paragraph 6, what aspect of Piaget’s theory has been criticized? A. The age at which the preoperational stage begins B. The assertion that egocentrism is universal
C. The suggestion that cognitive development begins at birth D. The division of cognitive development into four stages
11. Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Such behavior is manifested in children’s presumption that everyone else knows and
sees the same things they do.
Where would the sentence best fit? .
12. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
Piaget’s 1969 theory of cognitive development proposed that children think differently as they get older. · · · Answer Choices
A. Piaget’s theory has received both criticism and praise and has become quite influential in
the fields of education and psychology.
B. There are times when new information encountered by a person is incompatible with
existing ideas about how the world works.
C. The sensorimotor stage of cognitive development is one of four stages that Piaget
suggested children progress through as they age.
D. Some people do not experience all four stages of cognitive development and may skip over
the concrete operational stage.
E. Fundamental to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is the belief that people become
better at assimilating new information as they mature.
F. Children’s cognitive abilities become more sophisticated as they advance through the four
stages of development.
2.2 Words & Expressions
4 / 10