发布时间 : 星期五 文章初中英语语法大全及重要短语汇总更新完毕开始阅读fd8b39d7aff8941ea76e58fafab069dc502247ea
初中英语语法大全 一．名词 I.
名词的种类：
专有名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 普通名词 不可数名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II. 名词的数：
1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：
规则 1 一般情况在词尾加-s 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es 以-f或变-f和-fe为v再加-es 3 -fe结尾的词 加-s 4 5 例词 map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities i加-es 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 名词以y结尾的，加-s 一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 以辅音字母加6 -o结尾的名词 不少外来词加-s 两者皆可 7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s 2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： 规则 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 2 单复数相同
例词 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 1
3 只有复数形式 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 5 trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, people, police 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party 也可以作复数（成员） customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜) Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese Englishmen, Frenchwomen sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 6 复数形式表示特别含义 加-s 表示7 “某国单复数同形 人” 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women 将主体名词变为复数 8 合成名无主体名词时将最后一部分grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 词 变为复数 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成： 单数名词在末尾加’s 一般在末尾加’ 复数名词 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes 均须加’s 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 末加’s 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 后名词省略 2. ’s所有格的用法： １ 2 3 表示时间 表示自然现象 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示国家城市等地方的the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 名词 2
4 5 6 7 表示工作群体 表示度量衡及价值 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 与人类活动有特殊关系the life’s time, the play’s plot 的名词 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) 3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I.
不定冠词的用法： 1 2 3 4 5 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you. 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day. 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age. 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 某名人有类似性质的人或事 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 6 用于固定词组中 7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, This room is rather a big one. such之后 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法： 1 表示某一类人或物 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 The horse is a useful animal. the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean Would you mind opening the door? play the violin, play the guitar the reach, the living, the wounded the Greens, the Wangs He is the taller of the two children. 4 用于乐器前面 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群the United States, the Communist Party of 3
岛的名词前 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 10 China, the French The compass was invented in China. 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个in the 1990’s 年代 I hired the car by the hour. 11 用于表示单位的名词前 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示He patted me on the shoulder. 时间的词组前 III. 零冠词的用法： 1 2 3 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名BeijingUniversity, Jack, China, love, air 地名等名词前 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐March, Sunday, National Day, spring 前 Lincoln was made President of America. He likes playing football/chess. by train, by air, by land husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night Horses are useful animals. 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 三．代词： I.
代词可以分为以下七大类： 人称主格 1 代词 宾格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 2 代词 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词 4 指示代词 5 疑问代词 6 关系代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves this, that, these, those, such, some who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any:
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7 不定代词